Wood and bark of Buddleja: uniseriate phellem, and systematic and ecological patterns

Frankiewicz, Kamil E.; Chau, John H.; Oskolski, Alexei A.

doi:10.1163/22941932-bja10020

Cited by 11 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“… Infrageneric relationships in Buddleja and a summary of its bark anatomy. Phylogenetic tree inferred by Chau et al (2017) that was supported by subsequent bark anatomical analyses by Frankiewicz et al (2020) , with sect. Gomphostigma marked in blue dashed line (representing uncertain position), and African taxa in bold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Only formally recognized clades are named, and clade triangle size approximates species richness, while monospecific clades are solitary lines. The most important anatomical differences between the two types of barks found in Buddleja and closely related Freylinia reported by Frankiewicz et al (2020) are given at far right. The upper photo is from B. glomerata (sect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

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Wood and bark structure inBuddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology

et al. 2023

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Background Bark (all tissues outside of the vascular cambium) has been extensively studied in recent years, especially its anatomy and physiology. Macromorphological bark characters can be important taxonomically for many plant groups, including the genus Buddleja (Scrophulariaceae). However, the relationship between macroscopic bark appearance and its microscopic structure remains obscure, hampering the use and interpretation of bark traits in plant taxonomy and phylogenetics as well as in other fields of botany. We studied micro- and macrostructure of bark in the species of Buddleja representing wide taxonomic and geographic diversity to identify general relationships between bark anatomy and morphology. We also examined Buddleja xylem and discussed the importance of anatomical traits for understanding the relationships between clades in this genus. Results The smooth bark surface in sect. Gomphostigma and the outgroup (Freylinia spp.) relates to the small number of periderms of superficial origin and limited sclerification. This allows for the retention of visible lenticels. In the rest of Buddleja, bark sloughs off and division of labour is present: collapsed phloem undergoes sclerification and acts as a protective layer, while thin-walled phellem forms the separation layers. A similar pattern is found in some groups (e.g., Lonicera), but in others (e.g., Vitis and the species of Eucalyptus with stringy bark), the pattern is inversed. Wood and bark anatomy supports a sister relationship between the southern African section Gomphostigma and the rest of Buddleja but is taxonomically uninformative among remaining clades. Conclusions Limited development of periderms and sclerification allow for the retention of a smooth bark surface and conspicuous lenticels. Sloughing off of bark requires division of labour into a lignified protective layer and a thin-walled separation layer. These two functions are never served by a single tissue but are rather divided between phloem and periderm. How more subtle features (e.g., size and shape of fissures) are determined requires further study. Simultaneously, bark anatomy could be a useful source of data to complement molecular phylogenetic studies in a total evidence approach for systematics.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Wood and bark structure inBuddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology

et al. 2023

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“…Since quantitative wood traits are likely influenced primarily by plant height, we focus here on qualitative characteristics [ 61 , 62 ]. Although restricted number of available specimens prohibits far-fetched comparisons, our results show that the Lefebvrea clade representatives have wood similar to other southern African lineages, despite of being only distantly related.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought

et al. 2021

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Background One of the major trends in angiosperm evolution was the shift from woody to herbaceous habit. However, reversals known as derived woodiness have also been reported in numerous, distantly related clades. Among theories evoked to explain the factors promoting the evolution of derived woodiness are moderate climate theory and cavitation theory. The first assumes that woody habit evolves in response to mild climate allowing for prolonged life span, which in turn leads to bigger and woodier bodies. The second sees woodiness as a result of natural selection for higher cavitation resistance in seasonally dry environments. Here, we compare climatic niches of woody and herbaceous, mostly southern African, umbellifers from the Lefebvrea clade to assess whether woody taxa in fact occur in markedly drier habitats. We also calibrate their phylogeny to estimate when derived woodiness evolved. Finally, we describe the wood anatomy of selected woody and herbaceous taxa to see if life forms are linked to any particular wood traits. Results The evolution of derived woodiness in chamaephytes and phanerophytes as well as the shifts to short-lived annual therophytes in the Lefebvrea clade took place at roughly the same time: in the Late Miocene during a trend of global climate aridification. Climatic niches of woody and herbaceous genera from the Cape Floristic Region overlap. There are only two genera with distinctly different climatic preferences: they are herbaceous and occur outside of the Cape Floristic Region. Therefore, studied herbs have an overall climatic niche wider than their woody cousins. Woody and herbaceous species do not differ in qualitative wood anatomy, which is more affected by stem architecture and, probably, reproductive strategy than by habit. Conclusions Palaeodrought was likely a stimulus for the evolution of derived woodiness in the Lefebvrea clade, supporting the cavitation theory. The concurrent evolution of short-lived annuals withering before summer exemplifies an alternative solution to the same problem of drought-induced cavitation. Changes of the life form were most likely neither spurred nor precluded by any qualitative wood traits, which in turn are more affected by internode length and probably also reproductive strategy.

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“…The conti nuous bands of sclereids and fibers can also perform an additional protection for the conducting secondary phloem that can be suffered otherwise by fissuring of bark due to its dila ta tion. The protective role of sclerified secon da ry phloem has been shown, for instance, in the bark of Buddleja, a genus of Scrophulariaceae (Frankiewicz et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wood and bark anatomy of South African Picrodendraceae with systematic and ecological implications

Maruta¹,

Oskolski²

2021

Bot Pac

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Wood and bark structure of Androstachys johnsonii and Hyaenanche globosa (Picrodendraceae) is described. Two species share simple perforation plates, minute to small intervessel pits, and nonseptate fibres; these traits also reported in other Picrodendraceae. Androstachys is distinctive in having scanty paratracheal axial parenchyma and uniseriate rays with vessel-ray pits restricted to marginal cells. Bordered pits on fibre walls is an ancestral condition for the African Picrodendraceae. High vessel frequency and vessel grouping in Androstachys can be adaptive for semi-arid climate with wet summer. Both genera share the subepidermal phellogen initiation and the presence of thick-walled fibers and sclereids in secondary phloem. In Hyaenanche, the bark is dilated by stretching and divisions of parenchyma cells with formation of pseudocortex. Androstachys shows no ray dilatation, but sclerification of its parenchyma can make substantial contribution in bark expansion. Abundant trichomes on epidermis of young shoots of Androstachys are presumably involved in the water uptake from mists.

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Wood and bark of Buddleja: uniseriate phellem, and systematic and ecological patterns

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Wood and bark structure inBuddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology

Wood and bark structure inBuddleja: anatomical background of stem morphology

Derived woodiness and annual habit evolved in African umbellifers as alternative solutions for coping with drought

Wood and bark anatomy of South African Picrodendraceae with systematic and ecological implications

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