Women’s Rights and Misperceived Gender Norms Under Authoritarianism

Abstract

Evidence from democracies shows that making laws more egalitarian can increase individuals’ perceptions that others hold egalitarian views. How do citizens in authoritarian regimes that promote women’s rights perceive public opinion on gender issues? While regime actions and narratives could increase perceptions that egalitarian attitudes are widespread, the disconnect between policy and public preferences could inhibit the expressive power of law to alter perceived norms. Drawing on original surveys and qualitative evidence from Morocco, an important case of de jure advances in women’s rights, I find that Moroccans tend to overestimate others’ embrace of patriarchal attitudes on gender issues. The tendency to misperceive conservatism spans demographic categories and is especially pronounced among men. I argue that citizens’ awareness that policy processes are divorced from electoral accountability and the raised salience of conservative opposition during reform processes can reinforce perceived conservatism, even as women’s rights advance.

Misperception of peer beliefs reinforces inequitable gender norms among Tanzanian men

“…Sobotka ( 2022 ) reports that, in an American online survey, men tend to believe that most men are more sexist than themselves (logically implying an overestimation of peer sexism). Extending the cross-cultural reach of this literature, Barnett ( 2023 ) documents a tendency for both genders, but especially men, to overestimate peer support for gender inequality in Morocco, while Bursztyn et al ( 2020 ) demonstrate that men overestimate peer opposition to women's labour market participation in Saudi Arabia. In a follow-up study, this tendency to overestimate lack of peer support for women's basic rights was generalised to both men and women (although it was most pronounced among men) across 60 countries using national attitudinal surveys (Bursztyn et al, 2023 ).…”