Women's reproductive health: the role of body mass index in early and adult life

Lake, JK; Power, Christine; Cole, TJ

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0800424

Cited by 215 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…Pediatric overweight is known to be a major predictor of adulthood obesity, a factor in higher morbidity and mortality. 31,32 Future efforts to treat obesity should focus on early initiation of treatment and long-term follow-up regimens to prevent weight cycling and therapy failure. We intend to include more children as controls and to document long-term results after about 3 y.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): results of a clinical observation study

et al. 2004

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BACKGROUND:The Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC) is an interdisciplinary, outpatient program for obese children consisting of regular physical exercise and comprehensive dietary and behavioral education. Parental involvement is required. The study is designed as a longitudinal, nonrandomized clinical observation study. An 8-month intensive phase preceded a follow-up phase of 1 y or longer. METHODS: Data were collected from 31 groups comprising 496 children (267 girls, 229 boys), with an average age of 10.5 y. Body height and weight, fasting total-cholesterol (CH), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoproteincholesterol (HDL-C) and physical performance were measured initially and after 8.5 months. A group of n ¼ 35 obese children (16 girls, 19 boys) who did not take part in this intervention program served as controls. RESULTS: After the intensive intervention phase, body mass index (BMI, kg/m 2 ) as well as BMI deviation scores (BMI-SDS) decreased in both sexes (Po0.001). In the controls, BMI increased (Po0.001) and BMI-SDS remained constant. Whereas CH was only significantly lower (Po0.01) in boys after 8.5 months, LDL-C decreased significantly in both sexes. HDL-C tended to increase in both sexes (not significant). The controls showed no significant changes in CH, LDL-C and HDL-C. The fitness levels (W/kg body weight) improved in the intervention group (Po0.001), but not in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that obese children can be successfully treated in such an intervention program. BMI-SDS and risk factors decreased and physical performance improved. To maintain therapeutical success, we highly recommended that these children enroll in community-based exercise programs in order to help them maintain a more active lifestyle after the follow-up phase.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): results of a clinical observation study

et al. 2004

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“…51 Children of two obese parents also showed the strongest tracking of obesity from childhood (7 y) to adulthood (33 y), with correlations of r ¼ 0.46 for boys and r ¼ 0.54 for girls. 52 The impact of parental obesity on the tracking of childhood obesity into adulthood may exert its effect both through the heritability of BMI 53 and through parental behaviors such as high energy intake and low physical activity. 54 Even so, childhood obesity is an important predictor of adult obesity regardless of whether the parents are obese, 55 and childhood weight was a more important predictor of weight at 20 y than parental weight.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors as predictors of body mass index and obesity among older women

Newby

Dickman

et al. 2005

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE:To examine whether early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors were associated with body mass index (BMI), overweight, and obesity. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study. SUBJECTS: In all, 18 109 healthy women who participated in the Swedish Mammography Cohort aged 49-83 y. MEASUREMENTS: Early anthropometric (birthweight and body shape at age 10 y) and reproductive (age at menarche, age at the birth of the first child, and parity) variables were our predictors and current BMI, overweight (BMI 25-29.99 kg/m 2 ), and obesity (BMI Z30 kg/m 2 ) were our outcomes. RESULTS: In multivariate-adjusted polytomous logistic regression analysis, risk of overweight and obesity increased with increasing body shape at age 10 y and decreased with increasing age at menarche and age at first birth (P for trend o0.0001). A U-shaped relation with birthweight was observed. In our tests for effect modification of the relation with overweight/obesity (ow/ob; BMI Z25 kg/m 2 ), we detected significant interactions between body shape at 10 y and age (Po0.0001); body shape at 10 y and physical activity (Po0.0001); age at first birth and smoking (P ¼ 0.02); and parity and physical activity (P ¼ 0.004). The increased risk of ow/ob among women who reported a larger childhood body shape was reduced as women moved from the lowest to highest quartile of physical activity in adulthood. Likewise, the increasing risk of ow/ob among women with greater parity was reduced with increased physical activity. CONCLUSION: Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors are significantly associated with BMI, overweight, and obesity among older women. The effects of childhood body weight, age at first birth, and parity may be modified by adult lifestyle choices, as well as age.

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“…Among women childhood overweight may be associated with menstrual problems in early adulthood. 51 Men who were overweight in adolescence were three times more likely to report that they had gout, compared with lean subjects. 47 In addition, they reported increased morbidity for conditions for which mortality risk was elevated (namely, coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis and colorectal cancer).…”

Section: Main ®Ndingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…47 Risk of menstrual problems in early adulthood may also increase in relation to adiposity earlier in life, although odds ratios for childhood fatness at age 7 y (1.78) were of borderline signi®cance after adjustment for adult BMI (1.59), suggesting that childhood risks are partly mediated through associations with adult BMI. 51 Change from normal weight in adolescence to overweight in adulthood,`acquired obesity', may be associated with increased morbidity in adulthood. Subjects with`acquired' obesity (that is, low or normal weight-for-height in childhood and high relative weight in adulthood) have elevated rates of hypertensive vascular disease and cardiovascular renal disease in adulthood, compared with those with stable relative weights: 46 odds ratios were estimated as 1.83 (95% CI 1.29, 2.59) and 1.52 (1.11, 2.07) respectively.…”

Section: Main ®Ndingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review: Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness

Power¹,

1997

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This paper reviews child and adolescent adiposity measures and associated long-term health risks. The ®rst section argues that anthropometric measures are practical for large scale epidemiological studies, particularly the body mass index. Limitations of this and other measures are presented. The second section summarises the evidence on the relationship between child and adolescent and adult adiposity. This is based on a search for relevant literature in the following computerised databases: Medline (1985±96), BIDS (EMBASE and Science Citation Index 1985±96). The literature search revealed that the child to adult adiposity relationship is now well-documented, although methodological differences hinder comparisons. Nonetheless, consistently elevated risks of adult obesity are evident for fatter children, although the prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent adiposity measures is only moderate. Fewer studies could be identi®ed in relation to long-term health risks of child and adolescent adiposity. It is therefore dif®cult to specify categories of risk associated with childhood adiposity without more information from long-term studies. Further evidence is also required to con®rm the suggestion from some studies that adult disease risks are associated with a change in adiposity from normal weight in childhood to obesity in adulthood. However, on the basis of the evidence available, it is argued that population-based approaches to the prevention of obesity are likely to be more effective than approaches targeted at fat children. Population-based approaches are desirable, ®rst because of the poor prediction of adult obesity from child and adolescent measures, and second, because risks of adult mortality and morbidity may be elevated for individuals who become overweight after adolescence.Keywords: body mass index; obesity; measures; childhood; adolescence; tracking; morbidity; mortality; review IntroductionPrevention of obesity is a public health priority, 1 with much of the concern focusing on childhood and adolescence. 2 Child and adolescent adiposity is of particular interest because of possible long-term associations with adult disease, but evidence on long-term relationships is fragmentary and an overview is needed that clari®es how they might occur.There are three main sections to this review. The ®rst provides a summary of the basic methods used to assess child and adolescent adiposity. This key issue is included here because it is essential that appropriate measures are used, for example, to investigate trends over time and over the life course. The second section summarises the evidence on the relationship between child and adolescent and adult adiposity. This relationship is studied because of the concern that child and adolescent adiposity in¯uences adult disease primarily through its association with adiposity in adult life. Evidence is now available from several prospective and retrospective samples following subjects from childhood to adulthood. The speci®c questions of interest in this se...

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Women's reproductive health: the role of body mass index in early and adult life

Cited by 215 publications

References 23 publications

Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): results of a clinical observation study

Freiburg Intervention Trial for Obese Children (FITOC): results of a clinical observation study

Early anthropometric measures and reproductive factors as predictors of body mass index and obesity among older women

Review: Measurement and long-term health risks of child and adolescent fatness

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