Women’s labor force participation and household technology adoption

The Link Between Occupations, Labor Force Participation of Married Women, and Household Technology in Indonesia

“…Second, the effect was positive for pink-collar women. Supported by Bose et al (2022) and Cardia (2008), the results suggested that the earnings for pink-collar jobs were higher than working as a homemaker compared with blue-collar or agricultural jobs. Third, the results showed that the ownership of a washing machine was linked with the probability of being a full-time homemaker.…”

“…Nevertheless, several scholars using the dataset from the United States highlighted that household modernization does not affect women with a higher level of education with participation in the labor market. The studies found that labor force participation is associated with middle-level education (Bose et al, 2022) or the pinkcollar sector (Cardia, 2008) since machines replace many manual tasks. This finding suggests that household technology affects women's participation in the labor market, mainly those who can earn more than their created value in household chores.…”

“…Agusta and Ghuzini (2020) indicated that the husband's characteristics are essential for the decisions of married women in Indonesia. Besides family, a higher level of education increases the possibility of participating in the labor market (Bose et al, 2022;Suwadji, 2020;Vidart, 2021).…”

“…The substitution for household production within household technology can facilitate increased time for labor market participation. Following this approach, the literature from developed countries during the technological revolution found that household technology reduced housework time and, as a result, increased the supply of women in the labor market (Bose et al, 2022;Cardia, 2008;Cavalcanti & Tavares, 2008;Greenwood et al, 2005;Vidart, 2021). Developing countries, focusing on the data of the current decade, indicated that the ownership of household appliances (Dueso-Barosso, 2019; Mitschiener & Siy Van, 2018;Omotoso & Obembe, 2016;Tewari & Wang, 2021) or access to electricity (Chhay & Yamazaki, 2021;Grogan & Sadanand, 2013;Tagliapietra et al, 2020) positively affect women employment participation.…”

“…Further, recent studies emphasized that the impact of household modernization on women's employment differ within levels of education (Bose et al, 2022;Tewari & Wang, 2021;Vidart, 2021) and employment type between non-agricultural and agricultural (Chhay & Yamazaki, 2021;Dueso-Barosso, 2019;Tagliapietra et al, 2020). Even though Cardia (2008) scrutinized the effects on some job positions in the United States, no recent study investigates household modernization's impact on occupations in a developing country.…”