Women's knowledge of cervical cancer and uptake of Pap smear testing and the factors influencing it in a Nigerian tertiary hospital

Knowledge, Perception, and Prevention Practices Related to Human Papillomavirus-based Cervical Cancer and Its Socioeconomic Correlates Among Women in Karachi, Pakistan

“…Furthermore, in our study, only 34.2% were aware that Pap smear is a screening test for cervical cancer, and only 2.1% had gone for Pap smear test during their lifetime, whereas in Nigeria, another developing country, 55.1% were aware of the Pap smear test and 22.9% had undergone this screening test [27]. The lack of knowledge and unsatisfactory practices were not unexpected in our study given that a recent research study carried out in Pakistan showed that only 35.4% had heard about the Pap smear test and only 5.9% had opted to go for it [21].…”

“…A study by Imam et al conducted in Lahore, Pakistan reported that about 95% of women were never advised to go for a Pap smear test by any doctor [28]. Similarly, one of the main barriers towards the Pap smear test was the non-recommendation by physicians as found in studies conducted in Nigeria, Kuwait, and Iran [27]. Hence, it is evident that cervical cancer will continue to impose a toll globally unless health workers counsel women regarding the available screening and treatment options.…”

Distribution of cervical and breast cancer risk factors in women and their screening behaviours

“…Some studies indicated similar results (Maral, Budakoğlu, Özdemir, & Bumin, ; Yılmazel, ) while some others found no significant relationships between women's education level and having mammography done (Dişcigil, Şensoy, Tekin, & Soylemez, ; Seçginli & Nahçıvan, ). On the other hand, a study result showed that the knowledge of cervical cancer and the uptake of Pap smear screening are abysmally low among the women (Okunowo et al, ). Moreover, Lu et al () in their systematic review about interventions to increase breast and cervical cancer screening uptake in Asian women reported that the combination of workplace‐based group education programmes with mobile screening services and attending screening is effective in promotion breast and cervical cancer screening uptake.…”

A Review of Various Methods of Predicting Cervical Cancer

“…Teame et al [11] identified that age of the women above 38 years with STD history are becoming the victims of cervical cancer. Since no symptoms of cervical cancer are known by the women at its earlier stage, its leads to their life loss Okunowo et al [12]. Many algorithms were proposed to identify the cancer cells at its initial stage based on their images, herewith we have discussed some recent research related to it.…”