Women’s experiences of cultural and traditional health beliefs about pregnancy and childbirth in Zambia: An ethnographic study

Abstract

Zambian women's pregnancy and childbirth are linked to a variety of cultural and traditional practices, activities and beliefs. These existential events affect the women's health and the newborn's care. In this study we used an interpretative ethnographic design. Individual deep interviews with eight Zambian women were carried out. The formation of family, pregnancy and childbirth are important for strengthening generational traditions and preserving culture. Having many children is especially important for Zambian men as it increases their status in the society. Family continuity is related to the legacy of generations through the spirits of the ancestors.

Rituals and Embodied Cultural Practices at the Beginning of Life: African Perspectives

“…The name cannot be given if the child cries or is ill. It is the responsibility of the healer to discuss with the ancestor regarding whose name the child will be given (Honkavuo 2021). This is in line with the practice of the people of Omuma division in Imo State, Nigeria, who believe in reincarnation.…”

“…As an act of eloquent expression, rituals are a means of transmitting cultural beliefs and values with dramatic effect and emotive force (Grillo 2012). Despite criticism regarding adherence to ritual practices and taboos, it has been shown that some of the pregnancy and birth rituals have purificatory effects, provide protection for the mother and child from evil powers, and are therefore beneficial for maternal and newborn health (Nwadiokwu et al 2016;Honkavuo 2021). Dietary proscription is among the precautionary measures observed by women to promote health and ensure a normal and safe birth (Elom 2019;Honkavuo 2021).…”

“…Importantly, names are not only identity, but they also influence people's character and life in general. Some cultures consult the ancestors for assistance in determining what name best suits the child (Anyachonkeya 2014;Honkavuo 2021). Examples of pregnancy and birth rituals and reasons are presented in the Table 3 below.…”

“…The taboos range from wearing protective bracelets to avoiding certain foods. In her recent ethnographic study of Zambian women's experiences of cultural and traditional health beliefs about pregnancy and childbirth, Honkavuo (2021) found that in addition to prayers, women wore a protective band around the waist to wall off evil spirits. The study also showed that women avoid fish, birds' eggs, and meat during pregnancy while fruits and vegetables, shima (nutrient deficient cornmeal), and rice are recommended.…”

A phenomenological study of the lived experiences of partner relationship breakup during pregnancy: Psychosocial effects, coping mechanisms, and the healthcare providers' role

“…Cultural norms and gender roles shape women's perceptions, beliefs, and expectations about pregnancy ( 11 , 12 ). In many African cultures, particularly in Ethiopia, pregnancy is highly valued to be shared with a spouse or husband, and a pregnant woman who has experienced a partner breakup may be concerned about failing to meet this societal value, which, when combined with other socioeconomic adversities, can lead to psychological or emotional stress.…”