Women's Attitudes Toward Men: an Integrated Threat Theory Approach

Abstract

Three studies were conducted to measure the antecedents of women's attitudes toward men using the integrated threat model. Four types of threats were hypothesized to produce negative attitudes toward men: (1) realistic threat based on threats to women's political and economic power, (2) symbolic threat based on value differences, (3) intergroup anxiety experienced during social interaction with outgroup members, and (4) negative stereotypes of men. Negative contact was hypothesized to increase the perception of all four threats as well as to affect attitudes directly. The findings suggest that symbolic threat, intergroup anxiety, and negative contact are the strongest predictors of negative attitudes toward men. Contrary to expectation, realistic threat may not be important to women's attitudes toward men.

Prejudice toward immigrant workers among Dutch employees: integrated threat theory revisited

“…It draws from the research on intergroup anxiety (Stephan et al, 1999b), and also incorporates concepts like negative stereotypes (central in cognitive approaches to prejudice, see Fiske, 2000;Hamilton & Sherman, 1994) and inter-group contact (central in inter-group contact theory, see Pettigrew, 1998). Several empirical studies have been conducted to test the propositions of this theory, especially related to prejudice toward immigrants (Bizman & Yinon, 2001;Stephan et al, 1999b;Stephan et al, 1998;Stephan & Stephan, 1996;Zarate et al, 2004), but also to racial (Stephan et al, 2002) and gender prejudice and discrimination (Stephan, Demitrakis, Yamada, & Clason, 2000). Stephan (1993, 1996) identify and integrate in ITT four main antecedents of prejudice: inter-group anxiety, negative stereotyping, realistic threats, and symbolic threats.…”

“…The scales used in this study to measure realistic threat, symbolic threat, identification with the ingroup, inter-group conflict, group status differences, inter-group anxiety, and stereotypes were similar to the scales used in the studies by Stephan et al (2002), Stephan et al (1999)a andStephan et al (2000). The items were translated into Dutch.…”

“…First, in most of the studies, only parts of ITT were tested (e.g., the relation between the 'threats' and prejudice), and second, in the majority of empirical studies students were used as respondents. With respect to the partial testing of the ITT model, some scholars carried out regression analyses to test the relation between the types of threats described in ITT and prejudice (Bizman & Yinon, 2001;Stephan & Stephan, 1996;Stephan et al, 1998;, others used analysis of variance (ANOVA: Stephan et al, 2005;Zarate et al, 2004), and others used structural equation modeling (Stephan et al, 2000) to test the same relations. In only one study that came to our attention, the ITT model was fully tested (Stephan et al, 2002) using structural equation modeling.…”

Contact, Perspective Taking, and Anxiety as Predictors of Stereotype Endorsement, Explicit Attitudes, and Implicit Attitudes

“…Evidence that intergroup anxiety is related to negative attitudes toward outgroups is considerable, occurring in evaluations of African Americans (W. G. Stephan et al, 2002), Mexican immigrants in the US (W. G. Stephan, DiazLoving, & Duran, 2000), Russian immigrants in Israel (Bizman & Yinon, 2001), native Canadians (Corenblum & Stephan, 2001), prejudice toward people with cancer and AIDS (Berrenberg, Finlay, Stephan, & Stephan, 2002), reactions to Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland (Hewstone, 2002;Paolini, Hewstone, Cairns, & Voci, 2004), and women's evaluations of men (C. W. Stephan, Stephan, Demitrakis, Yamada, & Clason, 2000).…”

Social Contact Theories to Regulate Intergroup Relations: Intergroup, Extended, Imagined Contact

“…Örneğin, olumlu ve olumsuz temas durumlarını karşılaştıran bir çalışmada, duygu durum ve bilişsel değişkenler karşılaştırılmıştır (Aberson, 2015). Bu çalışma göstermektedir ki duygu durum değişkenleri hem olumlu hem olumsuz temas durumlarıyla ilişkilidir; fakat bilişsel değişkenler (ör., kalıp yargılar) olumsuz temas durumlarıyla ilişkilidir (ayrıca bk., Stephan ve ark., 2002;Stephan, Stephan, Demitrakis, Yamada ve Clason, 2000). Buna ek olarak, olumlu ve olumsuz temas durumu ve önyargı arasındaki ilişkinin tehdit algısı aracı değişkeni ile ilişkili olduğu, ama bu ilişkinin olumsuz temas durumu açısından daha güçlü olduğu bulunmuştur (Aberson, 2015).…”