Women in the Persian Gulf War: Health Care Implications for Active Duty Troops and Veterans

Murphy, Frances M.; Browne, Doris; Mather, Susan H.; Scheele, Harriett; Hyams, Kenneth C.

doi:10.1093/milmed/162.10.656

Cited by 31 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Currently, these symptoms have not been consistently associated with a physical sign or laboratory abnormality (59)(60)(61) chemicals, vaccinations, and infections (59,62). In contrast to other symptom-based conditions, this postulated disease has primarily affected men (63,64).…”

Section: Gulf War Syndromementioning

confidence: 87%

Developing Case Definitions for Symptom-based Conditions: the Problem of Specificity

Hyams

1998

Epidemiologic Reviews

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Section: Gulf War Syndromementioning

confidence: 87%

Developing Case Definitions for Symptom-based Conditions: the Problem of Specificity

Hyams

1998

Epidemiologic Reviews

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“…In the aftermath of this impressive eVort, however, non-battle injury remains the only documented cause of increased postwar mortality among the soldiers who fought in the Gulf. [9][10][11] Even during ODS/DS unintentional non-battle injuries were a more common cause of fatality than battle related injuries or illnesses. 12 13 However, the etiology of this increased risk for injury fatality has not been evaluated; nor have eVective intervention strategies been identified.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposed explanations for excess injury among veterans of the Persian Gulf War and a call for greater attention from policymakers and researchers: Figure 1

Bell

Amoroso²,

Wegman³

et al. 2001

Inj Prev

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Introduction-Death rates among US veterans of the Persian Gulf War were lower than rates among non-deployed veterans and the US population at large, with the exception of injury deaths; returning veterans were at significantly greater risk of injury mortality. Similar patterns of excess injury mortality were documented among US and Australian veterans returning from Vietnam. In spite of these consistent findings little has been done to explain these associations and in particular to determine whether or not, and how, war related exposures influence injury risk among veterans returning home after deployments. Hypothesized pathways-Several potential pathways are proposed through which injury might be related to deployment. First, increases in injury mortality may be a consequence of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and symptoms of other psychiatric conditions developed after the war. Second, physical and psychological traumas experienced during the war may result in the postwar adoption of "coping" behaviors that also increase injury risk (for example, heavy drinking). Third, greater injury risk may be the indirect consequence of increased experiences of ill defined diseases and symptoms reported by many returning veterans. Fourth, veterans may experience poorer survivability for a given injury event resulting in greater mortality but not morbidity. Finally, the process that selects certain individuals for deployment may lead to a spurious association between deployment status and injury mortality by preferentially selecting individuals who are risk takers and/or exposed to greater hazards. Conclusions-More research and attention from policymakers is needed to clarify the link between deployment and postwar increased risk of injury. (Injury Prevention 2001;7:4-9)

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“…An additional recommendation was that referral sites should be able to provide gynecological consultants along with the equipment and resources needed to manage pregnancy complications, pelvic pain, and abnormal cervical cytology. [108][109][110][111][112] Other studies have described specific gynecological disorders in the military and civilian population and are germane. Pierce et al administered a self-reported survey to 638 women on active duty during the Persian Gulf War.…”

Section: General Gynecological Needsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The practice for deployed combat ships or troops has been immediate medical evacuation upon verification of pregnancy. 106,111,112 In 1996, the pregnancy rate for all women age 20-24 was 183/1,000. 124 The pregnancy rate for all women on ships in the Pacific Fleet in 1992 was 117/1000.…”

Section: Pregnancy and The Submarinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…127 In the Persian Gulf War, the most common reason for medical evacuation was pregnancy. 112 Data from the USS EMORY S. LAND from 1994-97 indicated that 58% of pregnancies occurred in unmarried women, 81% were in pay grades E1-E4, and 70% were unplanned. 120 (Table 2) Garland found in 1995-96 for 61 ships that the unplanned pregnancy rate was 58% and the unmarried pregnancy rate was 34%.…”

Section: Pregnancy and The Submarinementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Medical Implications of Women On Submarines

Kane¹,

Horn²

2001

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Public reporting burder for this collection of information is estibated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burder to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 26-11-2001 2. REPORT TYPE Technical 3. DATES COVERED (FROM -TO) 01-01-2001 to 26-11-2001 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE The Medical Implications of Women On Submarines Unclassified 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 6. AUTHOR(S) Kane, John L. ; Horn, Wayne G. ; 5d. PROJECT NUMBER 5e. TASK NUMBER 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS Naval Submarine Research Laboratory Naval Submarine Base New London Box 900 Groton, CT06349-5900 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS Naval Submarine Medical Research Laboratory Naval Submarine Base New Groton, CT06349-5900 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT APUBLIC RELEASE , 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT The review highlights traditionally important medical conditions for submariners along with the unique consequence of women?s healthcare on the submarine. The information covered includes a review of the history of women in the military followed by a discussion of how women have been integrated into submarines in foreign navies and in space travel. The bulk of the document, then, consists of a literature review that examines gender differences in health care usage as well as in health problems that have traditionally been problematic for submarines including cardiac disease, anemia, asthma, headaches, peptic ulcer disease, orthopedic problems, and psychiatric disease. Gynecological and pregnancy related issues constitute the final area of review. Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing this collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'...

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Women in the Persian Gulf War: Health Care Implications for Active Duty Troops and Veterans

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Developing Case Definitions for Symptom-based Conditions: the Problem of Specificity

Developing Case Definitions for Symptom-based Conditions: the Problem of Specificity

Proposed explanations for excess injury among veterans of the Persian Gulf War and a call for greater attention from policymakers and researchers: Figure 1

The Medical Implications of Women On Submarines

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