Women in Saudi Arabia and the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review

Alshaikh, Mashael; Filippidis, Filippos; Baldove, Juren P.; Majeed, Azeem

doi:10.1155/2016/7479357

Cited by 50 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The susceptibility of Saudi women to high rates of GDM may be related to the cultural restrictions on female physical activities that may lead to physical inactivity and increased access to fast foods, both causing obesity. A recent review has shown high prevalence among Saudi women of smoking (up to 9%), hypertension (22%), diabetes (up to 27.6%), overweight (27%), and obesity (40%), and physical inactivity (53.2% to 98.1%), hypercholesterolemia (24.5%) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) (up to 40.3%) [ 36 ]. MetS is a cluster of established risk factors that together increase predisposition to major chronic diseases such as heart diseases and diabetes mellitus and a recent study (2014) on adults from several regions of Saudi Arabia confirmed > 28% incidence of MetS [ 37 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM

Al-Ajlan

Al-Musharaf

Fouda

et al. 2018

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has serious consequences such as increased risks of preeclampsia, macrosomia and cesarean delivery. Even though the mechanistic basis of GDM has not been completely understood, several risk factors have been identified and one of these is vitamin D. However, the link between vitamin D deficiency and development of GDM is yet to be proven with certainty.MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the link between the incidence of GDM and serum vitamin D level in pregnant women of Saudi Arabia. 515 Saudi women (ages 18–46) in their 24-28th week of pregnancy, visiting various hospitals of Riyadh, participated in this study. Serum vitamin D and various biochemical and anthropometric parameters were determined in the first trimester and the recruits were screened for GDM by OGTT according to IADPSG criteria in their 2nd trimester. The association between vitamin D deficiency and development of GDM was calculated based on odds ratio of the incidence of GDM among vitamin D deficient and normal women.ResultsIn this study cohort of 515 pregnant women, in the first trimester vitamin D deficiency (< 50 nmol/l) was detected in 425 (82.5%). On their 2nd visit (2nd trimester), 116 (27.7%) were diagnosed with GDM out of 419 with OGTT, according to IADPSG criteria. GDM risk was significantly higher among vitamin D deficient than non-deficient women (Odds Ratio: 2.87; Confidence Interval: 1.32–6.25; P = 0.008) even after adjusting for season, sun exposure and vitamin D intake (OR: 2.9; CI: 1.07–7.89). Of the various anthropometric and biochemical parameters, the GDM women differed significantly from non-GDM women with respect to serum levels of triglycerides (in mmol/l) (1.3 ± 0.6; 1.5 ± 0.6, p = 0.018) and fasting glucose (in mmol/l) [4.7 (4.3–5.2); 5.1 (4.6–5.6), p < 0.01]. Also, fasting glucose level in the 2nd trimester correlated inversely to serum vitamin D level determined during the 1st trimester (r = − 0.121; p = 0.014).ConclusionsResults of our study reveal a significantly higher risk of development of GDM among pregnant women having deficient vitamin D status.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM

Al-Ajlan

Al-Musharaf

Fouda

et al. 2018

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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“…The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is a rapidly developing country with improvements in living standards and changing social practices that contribute to recent increases in heart disease and associated chronic illnesses (Alshaikh, Filippidis, Baldove, Majeed, & Rawaf, ). Hypertension is a common chronic condition in the country, with men being at greater risk than women.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediating role of self‐efficacy in the relationship between family social support and hypertension self‐care behaviours: A cross‐sectional study of Saudi men with hypertension

Bahari

Scafide

Krall

et al. 2019

Int J of Nursing Practice

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Background: Self-efficacy and family social support are significantly associated with hypertension self-care behaviours. However, little is known about their mechanism in Saudi Arabia. This cross-sectional study aimed to examine the relationships among family social support, self-efficacy, and self-care behaviours among men with hypertension in Saudi Arabia.Methods: Data were collected from May to August of 2018. The Hypertension Self-Care Profile and the Perceived Social Support from Friends and Family scales were used to measure the study variables. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the relationships between the variables, and the Baron and Kenny test was used to assess if self-efficacy mediated the relationship between family social support and hypertension self-care behaviours. Results: Respondents (N = 158) from the Jizan and Al-Sharqia regions of SaudiArabia completed the survey. Family social support and self-efficacy were significantly associated with hypertension self-care behaviours. In regression, self-efficacy was the only variable significantly associated with hypertension self-care behaviours.Self-efficacy fully mediated the relationship between family social support and hypertension self-care behaviours. Conclusions: Interventions to enhance hypertension self-care behaviours amongSaudi men could focus on increasing individual's self-confidence to perform specific healthy behaviours. Family support can also contribute to the performance of hypertension self-care behaviours.

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“…These risk factors such as diabetes (DM), hypertension (HTN), smoking, obesity, hypercholesterolemia, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and physical inactivity are modifiable lifestylerelated concerns that have significant consequences to the health of Saudi women [2][3][4][5]. Three studies (two systematic and one cohort) published in the course of the development of this research confirmed and highlighted the high prevalence of these CVD risks not only for Saudi women, but also for women in other member countries of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) [6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Saudi Women’s Health Beliefs about Cardiovascular Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

Alshaikh

Baldove

Rawaf

2019

Preprint

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Background Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major worldwide public health issue, is of significant concern as several studies confirm the high prevalence of CVD risk in Saudi women. However, limited has focused on how these risks are affected by health beliefs and socioeconomic variables. The Health Belief Model was used to compare Saudi women’s perceived health beliefs with their calculated Framingham Risk Score (FRS) to determine their risk for a future CVD event and the influence of socio-economic variables on the prevalence of CVD risk.Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on women attending the primary care clinics in a university hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A non-random convenience sample was selected of adult women without pre-existing CVD. Health belief and sociodemographic data were collected, and FRS calculated.Results A total of 503 Saudi females participated, the majority of whom significantly underestimated their actual risk of CVD as measured by their individual FRS. 43.4% had a high CVD risk but a low perception of susceptibility. 63.5% understood the severity of CVD, while 75.2% had a low to moderate perception of the benefits of healthy behaviours. 86.7% did not know how to perform CVD risk-reducing exercises, and 65.9 % stated that they did not have access to exercise facilities. Pearson correlations suggest a weak linear relationship between the FRS and the subscales of each health belief. However, there was a significant relationship between the Framingham scores across income, marital status, education and occupational status categories (p<= 0.001) in Chi-Square tests. Significant differences were found when comparing perceived benefits of healthy behaviours with marital status; perceived severity and benefits with the level of education; perceived severity and benefits with occupation; and perceived severity and benefits with financial income. Conclusions This study is the first in Saudi Arabia to examine the correlation between health beliefs, calculated CVD risk, and socioeconomic variables among Saudi women. Education and income were vital elements affecting their CVD risk and health beliefs, and these have implications for public health policy-making.

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Women in Saudi Arabia and the Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review

Cited by 50 publications

References 77 publications

Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM

Lower vitamin D levels in Saudi pregnant women are associated with higher risk of developing GDM

Mediating role of self‐efficacy in the relationship between family social support and hypertension self‐care behaviours: A cross‐sectional study of Saudi men with hypertension

Saudi Women’s Health Beliefs about Cardiovascular Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study

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