Women in medicine�?�is there a problem? A literature review of the changing gender composition, structures and occupational cultures in medicine

Kilminster, Sue; Downes, Julia; Gough, Brendan; Murdoch‐Eaton, Deborah; Roberts, Trudie

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2006.02645.x

Cited by 170 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…According to sex-specific medicine, treatment of certain diseases should be specified based on a patient's sex because female and male have different drug responses, prognoses, and risk factors. 13,14 Thus, understanding sex and genderassociated differences in GERD is important for interpreting biological factors. They might provide better prevention and treatment protocols for both women and men.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Gender Differences in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Kim

2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

122

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It is important to understand sex and gender-related differences in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) because gender-related biologic factors might lead to better prevention and therapy. Non-erosive reflux disease (NERD) affects more women than men. GERD symptoms are more frequent in patients with NERD than in those with reflux esophagitis. However, men suffer pathologic diseases such as reflux esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus (BE), and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) more frequently than women. The prevalence of reflux esophagitis is significantly increased with age in women, especially after their 50s. The mean age of EAC incidence in women is higher than in men, suggesting a role of estrogen in delaying the onset of BE and EAC. In a chronic rat reflux esophagitis model, nitric oxide was found to be an aggravating factor of esophageal injury in a male-predominant way. In addition, the expression of esophageal occludin, a tight junction protein that plays an important role in the esophageal defense mechanism, was up-regulated in women. This explains the male predominance of reflux esophagitis and delayed incidence of BE or EAC in women. Moreover, the symptoms such as heartburn, regurgitation, and extra-esophageal symptoms have been more frequently reported by women than by men, suggesting that sex and gender play a role in symptom perception. Differential sensitivity with augmented symptoms in women might have diagnostic and therapeutic influence. Furthermore, recent studies have suggested that hormone replacement therapy has a protective effect against esophageal cancer. However, an anti-inflammatory role of estrogen remains compelling, which means further study is necessary in this area.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex and Gender Differences in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Kim

2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

122

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“…It is also clear, however, that the existence of such gender regimes requires urgent organizational rather than individual corrective measures. Despite the statistical feminisation of the medical profession, the institutionalised structures in hospital regimes remain resistant to change (Oakley, 1993;OECD, 2013 and2015;Riska and Novelskaite, 2008;Riska and Wegar, 1993;Riska, 2012;Zetka, 2008;O'Brien, 1983;Kilminster et al, 2007;Laqueur, 2002;Becker et al, 1977) and the visibility of women in medicine both as patients and as professionals is highly distorted (Treichler et al, 1998;Šmídová, 2015a;Šmídová, 2011a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

No Room for Balancing: Mothers and Professors in Czech Maternity Hospitals

Šmídová

2016

Intersections

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The paper analyses the complex issue of work-life balance in the medical setting of Czech maternity hospitals. The issue of work-life balance has not been dealt with adequately; the organisation of professional careers in medicine is understood in terms of making sacrifices for the profession. However, analysis of the everyday lives of members of the profession provides insight into the practices and strategies that are adopted for coping with demanding work and gender prejudices, and the striving to create a satisfactory personal life. The article targets the structural mechanisms that reproduce Czech hospital gender regimes and their effects on work-life balance according to the individual coping strategies of the actors involved. These are conceptually framed using the symbolic system of the gender universe (Harding, 1987) and the theory of gendered organisations (Acker, 1990). The empirical data used in the analysis comes from qualitative research (2011)(2012)(2013)(2014) into Czech reproductive medicine, specifically obstetrics. It is primarily based on in-depth interviews with senior physicians, although other data sources were also utilised. Physicians' own reflections of the current status quo in Czech hospitals are critically assessed and framed in a structural context with reference to the broader social mechanisms that re/produce gender in/equality in the labour market.

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“…Our qualitative analysis of female medics' experiences of their training and careers addresses the call by Kilminster et al (2007) that to fully understand the impact of gender on training and careers one would need detailed accounts of medics' experiences of gender on their career paths. Gender is still clearly an issue for the medical profession.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An alternative discourse might have centered on individual choices and/or efforts, for example, to encourage males to work harder at examinations, to make different choices regarding time spent at sport versus study, and so on. Interestingly, a review carried out by Kilminster et al (2007) suggests that one possible reason for male decline in entry to medical school may not, in fact, be due to male underachievement at examinations, or that the entry tests disadvantage males in some way, but because men are choosing to enter more lucrative professions such as business, law, and information technology.…”

Section: Diagnosing the Issues: Getting Into Medicinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This early effect of a gendered labyrinth for medical careers is borne out by Kilminster et al's (2007) review of studies examining the culture and practice of medicine. They found no consistent evidence of enduring differences between males and females in terms of career motivation, academic performance, or clinical skills and experience.…”

Section: Getting On In Medicine: Doctors Differ and Careers Diementioning

confidence: 99%

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Getting in and getting on in medical careers: how the rules of the game are gendered

Linehan¹,

Sweeney²,

Boylan³

et al. 2013

Gender, Sexuality &Amp; Feminism

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This paper examines discourses about medical careers through the lens of gender. The supposed feminization of medicine has prompted much professional and public discourse on the issue of gender and medical careers. Discourses centered on gender imbalance at entry to medical school are contrasted with women's accounts of their medical careers. Data consists of both primary (24 interviews with senior female doctors) and secondary sources (national press reports, interviews, records of speeches etc.) drawn from Ireland and the United Kingdom. From the data, we explore what is seen as a problem in terms of gender and medical careers and what is not, how problems are discussed (in individual or systemic terms), and thus what changes are legitimized. We discuss the consequences of this for women in medicine and medical careers more broadly. Key wordsGender, feminization, occupations, medical careers, entry to medical school, discrimination, women in medicine

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Women in medicine�?�is there a problem? A literature review of the changing gender composition, structures and occupational cultures in medicine

Cited by 170 publications

References 108 publications

Sex and Gender Differences in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

Sex and Gender Differences in Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease

No Room for Balancing: Mothers and Professors in Czech Maternity Hospitals

Getting in and getting on in medical careers: how the rules of the game are gendered

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