Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The influence of human, social and financial capital

Carter, Nancy; Brush, Candida G.; Greene, Patricia G.; Gatewood, Elizabeth J.; Hart, Myra M.

doi:10.1080/1369106032000082586

Cited by 338 publications

(249 citation statements)

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“…If the RRR is less than one, it indicates that the risk of the outcome falling in the comparison group relative to the outcome falling in the reference group decreases as the variable increases. The key limitation of the multinomial logit model is in its rather strong assumption that any odd ratio for one choice does not depend on odd ratios for other choices, which follows from independence in disturbances (Greene 2003). This calls for the application of tests of irrelevance of independent alternatives, which we explain below.…”

Section: Estimation Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Evidence suggests that the weak (bridging) ties are highly correlated to entrepreneurship-relevant information and tangible capital (Carter et al 2003;Davidsson and Honig 2003;Hughes et al 2007). Audretsch and Keilbach (2004) point out that regions with a higher density of entrepreneurship (and therefore a higher likelihood of relevant weak ties) facilitate the creation of new innovative firms, leading to agglomeration and persistence effects.…”

Section: The Local Context: Entrepreneurship Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resource endowment and opportunity cost effects along the stages of entrepreneurship

et al. 2016

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In this paper, the start-up process is split conceptually into four stages: considering entrepreneurship, intending to start a new business in the next three years, nascent entrepreneurship, and owning-managing a newly established business. We investigate the determinants of all of these jointly, using a multinomial logit model; it allows for the effects of resources and capabilities to vary across these stages. We employ the Global

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Section: Estimation Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: The Local Context: Entrepreneurship Capitalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resource endowment and opportunity cost effects along the stages of entrepreneurship

et al. 2016

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“…Collins and Low (2010) reported that variables such as education and language ability play an important role in Asian women's self-entrepreneurship and in their success in Australia. Carter, Brush, Greene, Gatewood, and Harts (2003) suggested that there is a strong relation between the higher education of women and their odds of receiving external financing.…”

Section: Owner Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Determinants of Informal Capital in the Financing of Small Firms at Start-Up: An Ethnic Comparison of Small Firms in Sweden

Yazdanfar¹,

Abbasian

2013

IJEF

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This study explains empirically the differences in the use of informal financing between native-and immigrant-owned small businesses in terms of ethnicity and other relevant variables. A sample of 2814 nativeand immigrant-owned small businesses, consisting of a unique database gathered, was analysed and several univariate and multivariate methods employed. The results suggest that ethnicity is a significant explanatory variable and an important factor in informal capital access in the start-up stage in terms of loans from family members and friends. Moreover, the other independent variables, namely gender, age, experience of starting businesses, the amount of start capital, and firm size, affect loans from family members, whereas loans from friends are influenced by age, size, and industry affiliation. Since knowledge about informal capital determinants is limited, the results of this study add to our understanding of the variables that explain the financing behaviour of small businesses at start-up.

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“…In addition to personal traits, factors in the micro and macro environment that can encourage or hinder entrepreneurship have also been investigated (Franco et al, 2010;Franke & Luthje, 2003). Some of these environmental factors are: market structure and dynamics (Boccardelli & Magnusson, 2006;Van Stel, Storey, & Thurik, 2007); access to financing (Sara Carter, Shaw, Lam, & Wilson, 2007;Itani, Sidani, & Baalbaki, 2011a;Kim, Aldrich, & Keister, 2006;Sandhu, Sidique, & Riaz, 2011;Welsh, Memili, Kaciak, & Al Sadoon, 2014); government policy (Ahmad & Xavier, 2011;N. Carter, Brush, Greene, Gatewood, & Hart, 2003;Goby & Erogul, 2011;Minniti, 2008);political and economic stability (Lerner, 2010;Movahedi & Yaghoubi-Farani, 2012;Taylor & Plummer, 2003);culture and society's views on entrepreneurship (C. C. Baughn et al, 2006;C.…”

Section: Entrepreneurial Intention and Female Entrepreneurshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encouraging Female Entrepreneurship in Jordan: Environmental Factors, Obstacles and Challenges

Mehtap

Caputo

Pellegrini

2016

Entrepreneurship and Management in an Islamic Context

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The number of female entrepreneurs and their contribution to the economy is steadily rising. Yet research suggests that female entrepreneurs face more challenges and barriers than their male counterparts. This is expected to be even more prevalent in Islamic contexts, which are characterised by conservative and patriarchal societies. In this research, 254 female business students from a private and a public university responded to a questionnaire that gauges their perceptions about potential barriers to entrepreneurship in Jordan and whether the business education they are receiving helps to prepare them for future entrepreneurial activity. Our results help to form a basis on which a deeper understanding of the phenomena can be achieved through more in depth future research. Among the main environmental factors that worry potential female entrepreneurs are the weakness of Jordanian economy, lack of finance, fear of risk, gender inequality and inability to maintain a work and private life balance. Our results also show that students are really not aware of the opportunities available to them and are unable to make a proper assessment. We call on both universities and the Jordanian government to put more emphasis on practical entrepreneurial education and encouraging women to play a much more active role within the workforce.

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Women entrepreneurs who break through to equity financing: The influence of human, social and financial capital

Cited by 338 publications

References 0 publications

Resource endowment and opportunity cost effects along the stages of entrepreneurship

Resource endowment and opportunity cost effects along the stages of entrepreneurship

The Determinants of Informal Capital in the Financing of Small Firms at Start-Up: An Ethnic Comparison of Small Firms in Sweden

Encouraging Female Entrepreneurship in Jordan: Environmental Factors, Obstacles and Challenges

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