Women and Support for Terrorism in Pakistan

Fair, C. Christine; Hamza, Ali

doi:10.1080/09546553.2018.1481313

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…This study buttresses those of Ladbury (2015); Afzal (2012); Fair and Hamza (2018); Littman et al (2021); as well as Blaydes and Linzer (2008) and suggest that there is an urgent need to understand the lineaments of female support for Islamist violence both to inform scholarly theoretical and empirical understandings of support for violent politics as well as policy initiatives to counter support for violent extremism.…”

Section: Implications and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…This overt focus upon males disregards the important roles that women play as the primary care provider of children and their considerable influence in their children's decisions to actively or passively support violent politics. Some groups such as LeT even demand that operatives secure the blessings of their mother before they are dispatched upon operations (Abou Zahab 2007;Haq 2007;Fair and Hamza 2018;Fair 2019). This is in addition to the actual participation of some women in the militant groups themselves (Davis 2017;Rinehart 2019).…”

Section: Implications and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Another exception is a study by Fair and Hamza (2018) in which the authors employed data derived from a large national survey of Pakistanis fielded in 2011 to exposit the impacts of gender upon support for two militant groups operating in and from Pakistan, namely: the sectarian group Sipha-e-Sahaba-Pakistan (SSP) and the Afghan Taliban. They found that while women were more likely to support the SSP, gender did statistically explain support for the Taliban.…”

Section: Drivers Of Individual Support For Islamist Violence: What Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support for Domestic Islamist Terrorism in Bangladesh: Insights from a Novel Survey

Fair

Patel

2022

Politics and Religion

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We employ regression analysis of 2017 survey data from 4,067 Bangladeshis to exposit the lineaments of individual support for domestic Islamist violence. Our dependent variables derive from measures of public support for the stated goals and violent means of three Bangladeshi Islamist terrorist groups. Our study variables include participation in communal Friday prayer; indexed measures of other pietic practices; preferences for Shari'a and secularism; and gender. We include several well-established control variables. We find that participation in communal Friday prayers significantly correlates with diminished support for militant groups while having no effect upon support for their violent means. In four (of 10) models, we find that respondents who view Shari'a as being coterminous with scriptural literalism and harsh physical punishments are significantly more likely to support the groups' goals. Finally, we find women to be consistently more likely to support the goals and means of the militant groups.

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Section: Implications and Conclusionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Implications and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Drivers Of Individual Support For Islamist Violence: What Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Support for Domestic Islamist Terrorism in Bangladesh: Insights from a Novel Survey

Fair

Patel

2022

Politics and Religion

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“…Also, seven studies measured the relation between being single and radicalization (Berger, 2016; Bhui, Warfa, et al, 2014; Clemmow, 2020; Dhumad et al, 2020; European Values Study, 2008; McCauley, 2011; Schbley, 1988). Four studies measured the relation between being divorced and radicalization (Bhui, Warfa, et al, 2014; European Values Study, 2008; Fair & Hamza, 2018; McCauley, 2011), and three studies focused on the relation between being widowed and radicalization (European Values Study, 2008; Fair & Hamza, 2018; McCauley, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is radicalization a family issue? A systematic review of family‐related risk and protective factors, consequences, and interventions against radicalization

Zych

Nasaescu

2022

Campbell Systematic Reviews

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Background Family‐related risk and protective factors are crucial for different antisocial behaviors, but their role in radicalization requires synthesis. Radicalization is likely to have a negative impact on families, and well‐designed and implemented family‐focused intervention programs have the potential to decrease radicalization. Objectives Research questions were: (1) What are the family‐related risk and protective factors for radicalization? (2) What is the impact of radicalization on families? (3) Are family‐based interventions against radicalization effective? Search Methods Searches included 25 databases and hand searches of gray literature from April to July 2021. Leading researchers in the field were asked to provide published and unpublished studies on the topic. Reference lists of the included studies and previously published systematic reviews on risk and protective factors for radicalization were scanned. Selection Criteria Published and unpublished quantitative studies on family‐related risk and protective factors for radicalization, the impact of radicalization on families, and family‐focused interventions were eligible with no restrictions regarding the study year, location, or any demographic characteristic. Studies were included if they measured the relation between a family‐related factor and radicalization or if they included a family‐focused intervention against radicalization. For family‐related risk and protective factors, radicalized individuals needed to be compared to general population. Studies were included if they defined radicalization as support or commission of violence to defend a cause, including support for radical groups. Data Collection and Analysis The systematic search identified 86,591 studies. After screening, 33 studies focused on family‐related risk and protective factors were included, with 89 primary effect sizes and 48 variables grouped in 14 factors. For the factors that included two or more studies, meta‐analyses with random effects were conducted. When possible, moderator analyses were performed together with sensitivity and publication bias analyses. No studies on the impact of radicalization on families or family‐focused interventions were included. Results The current systematic review based on studies with 148,081 adults and adolescents from diverse geographic locations showed that parental ethnic socialization (z = 0.27), having extremist family members (z = 0.26), and family conflict (z = 0.11) were related to more radicalization, whereas high family socioeconomic status (z = −0.03), bigger family size (z = −0.05), and high family commitment (z = −0.06) were related to less radicalization. Separate analyses described family‐factors for behavioral versus cognitive radicalization, and different radical ideologies including Islamist, right‐wing and left‐wing. It was not possible to distinguish risk and protective factors from correlates and the level of overall bias was mostly high. No results regarding the impact of radicalization on families or fam...

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“…While Pakistani women were initially not prominently associated with radical activities, this trend began to surface within certain segments of society over time. According to Fair (2018) several key elements contributed to the radicalization of women in Pakistan:…”

Section: Elements Propelling Pakistani Females Toward Radicalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring Radicalization among Women in Pakistan: Causative Factors and Impact

2023

JDSS

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This study delves into the factors driving radicalization among Pakistani females, shedding light on the sources and elements of their radicalization. Additionally, it examines the recent historical context of sectarian teachings targeting women in Pakistan. Employing a qualitative research design, this investigation employs both descriptive and analytical approaches. Through discourse analysis of the data, we provide compelling evidence of the looming threat of religious radicalization in Pakistan. This threat emanates from socially endorsed beliefs, narratives, and popular religious slogans. Notably, extremist elements have adeptly exploited the religious sentiments of Pakistani women to advance their agendas, resulting in a significant portion of the vulnerable population becoming radicalized. This study also identifies several religious groups actively promoting radical views to garner public support. In conclusion, this article critically assesses the statements made by far-right religious parties, highlighting potential shortcomings, and proposes a pragmatic approach to eradicating radicalization among Pakistani females.

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Women and Support for Terrorism in Pakistan

Cited by 8 publications

References 0 publications

Support for Domestic Islamist Terrorism in Bangladesh: Insights from a Novel Survey

Support for Domestic Islamist Terrorism in Bangladesh: Insights from a Novel Survey

Is radicalization a family issue? A systematic review of family‐related risk and protective factors, consequences, and interventions against radicalization

Exploring Radicalization among Women in Pakistan: Causative Factors and Impact

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