Women and Human Services Giving

Abstract

The first decades of the new century are expected to witness a dramatic increase in charitable giving. And women will be more influential than ever before in determining the beneficiaries of this giving. The purpose of the research reported in this article is to provide useful information for social workers involved in program fundraising by examining various factors that may influence women's future charitable giving to human services. Data for this study were taken from a representative national sample of 2,719 U.S. adults. The Gallup Organization conducted in-home face-to-face interviews in 1996 for the Independent Sector. The results of this secondary analysis indicate that people who give to human services, in contrast to those who do not, were more likely to be white women, have a higher income, and volunteer in human services. In addition, the analysis provides evidence that women are more committed to the role of charitable organizations in society and believe that they have the power to improve the welfare of others.

Generosity and Philanthropy: A Literature Review

“…Hoge and Yang (1994) find a positive relationship between education and religious giving for Protestants, but not for Catholics. Education did not correlate with the likelihood of giving in a study of giving to the poor by Regnerus, Smith and Sikkink (1998) and in a study of human services (Marx 2000). Bryant et al (2003) find no relationship between education and the likelihood of giving in an analysis including education squared and a number of other variables.…”

“…Age was not related to giving in a study on giving in Indonesia (Okten & Osili 2004) and in a study of business school alumni giving in the U.S. (Okunade & Berl 1997). Also, studies of giving to human services (Marx 2000) and donations to panhandlers (Lee & Farrell 2003) found no differences relative to age. Knoke (1990) also does not find a significant relationship between giving and age.…”

“…Brooks (2004) found no relationship between self-identifying as Christian and secular philanthropy; in a later study the relationship between more than weekly church attendance and secular philanthropy was negative (Brooks 2005), while rarely/never attending church was negatively related with both religious and secular philanthropy. A study of giving to human services found no relationship with religious affiliation (Marx 2000).…”

Female Directors and Corporate Social Responsibility: Evidence from the Environmental Investment of Chinese Listed Companies

“…For example, female directors help enterprises understand the needs of stakeholders and address them well [44]. Female directors are more likely to provide some different points of view for the board, such as social charitable donation [16] and community environment [45,46], so as to improve the social image of enterprises. Besides, female care ethics considers that there are moral differences between male and female.…”

“…The research on director gender has been extended to many aspects of corporate governance in the academic world. From many aspects, the role of female directors in board decision-making was studied, such as charity expenditure [16][17][18], corporate innovation [13], and corporate performance [19][20][21]. It can be found from the previous literature that female directors can influence the board of directors in some aspects of decision-making, but the impact of female directors on corporate environmental investment has not been studied at home and abroad.…”