Wolf (Canis lupus) Predation in Pastoral Livestock Systems: Case Study in Croatia

Abstract

The predation of livestock by gray wolf (Canis lupus; hereafter, wolf) is a problem throughout eastern Europe and poses a threat to sustainable pasture-based livestock production in some areas. In Croatia, farmers have alarmed the public with news of frequent wolf attacks in the last decade, and wolves, as protected animals, are perceived as a pest and a threat. The aim of this study was to analyze and present the frequency of attacks and killed/injured domestic animals in Croatia. During the ten-year period (2010–2020), 13,359 attack events were reported, where it was determined, with certainty, that the attack was by the wolf. In these attacks, 19,111 domestic animals were killed and 4634 were injured. Predation events occurred predominantly (92.71%) in three counties located in southern Croatia (sub-Mediterranean Croatia), whose total area is 11,170 km2 (19.74% of the total area of Croatia). The most frequently killed species were sheep (64.78% of all killed animals), which was followed by goats (19.28%) and cattle (9.59%). The highest frequency of attacks and animals killed was recorded in the summer followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest was in winter. The majority of attacks (79.57%) occurred in the morning and during the day. The animal with the highest average number killed per attack was sheep (1.64), which was followed by goats (1.38), cattle (0.99), horses (0.94), donkeys (0.95), and guardian dogs (0.92). During the studied period, in the three counties with the most frequent attacks, 11.72% of the average goat population, 6.34% of the cattle population, and 5.61% of the sheep population were killed. Wolf predation in sub-Mediterranean Croatia presents a threat to the population of domestic ruminants dominantly kept in pastoral livestock systems, and additional efforts need to be made to achieve co-existence between the wolf population and farmers.

Sustainability of Rural Small-Scale Farmers Using a Thematic Content-Fed Analytic Hierarchy Process

“…In low-income countries, livestock significantly contributes to people's welfare, and rural upliftment. However, livestock theft [107,108] and predation [109][110][111] are major challenges, especially in areas along the borders of neighboring countries. In this study, even though the severity level of livestock theft was low (CT, weight = 0.0702), SSDFs mentioned that employees and foreign nationals kill their livestock at night, affecting their production and profit.…”

“…Food crises and diesel costs for generators further constrain the farmers as a consequence of power outage, which compromise their sustainability [106]. In many developing countries, livestock significantly contributes to people's welfare, mainly in rural communities, but livestock theft [107,108] and predation [109][110][111] are some major challenges. It is important that farmers work together to alleviate some of the challenges experienced to safeguard the small-scale market and achieve sustainability.…”