Wolbachia gonadal density in female and male Drosophila vary with laboratory adaptation and respond differently to physiological and environmental challenges

Population Dynamics and Growth Rates of Endosymbionts During Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera, Liviidae) Ontogeny

“…The lowest density of Wolbachia in females of D. citri during the reproductive period as compared to males of D. citri is contrary to previous reports on many other species [13,76,77]. Little is known on the adaptive cost of infection and the presumable differences in the proliferation rate of Wolbachia in the reproductive tissues of males and females [13,76,77], but the lower density of Wolbachia in older females could be a consequence of the reduced growth rate after t* (third instar) and/or due to the process of transovarian transmission. Additionally, factors related with the adaptive cost of infection and the presumable differences in the proliferation rate of Wolbachia in the reproductive tissues of males and females need further examination [13,76,77].…”

“…(Diptera: Glossinidae) and the high densities of the mutualistic symbiont Wigglesworthia [70]. The lowest density of Wolbachia in females of D. citri during the reproductive period as compared to males of D. citri is contrary to previous reports on many other species [13,76,77]. Little is known on the adaptive cost of infection and the presumable differences in the proliferation rate of Wolbachia in the reproductive tissues of males and females [13,76,77], but the lower density of Wolbachia in older females could be a consequence of the reduced growth rate after t* (third instar) and/or due to the process of transovarian transmission.…”

“…On the other hand, facultative symbionts have a more recent history of association, establishing diverse interactions that may or may not contribute to host nutrition and tolerance to stress factors, and affect host fitness in several ways [4,10,11]. An example of this is the intracellular facultative symbiont Wolbachia, which is widely distributed among arthropods and is better known by inducing several reproductive phenotypes (male feminization, parthenogenesis, male killing, and cytoplasmic incompatibility) [12,13]. But many recent reports have also demonstrated the role this symbiont may have on the host immune responses against microbial pathogens [14], tolerance to stress factors [15], nutritional supplementation [16], and host fecundity and fertility [17,18].…”

“…Symbiont density may be influenced by factors such as temperature [30,31], age [32,33], host gender [13], reproductive cycle [34], polymorphism [35,36], larval density [37], competition among symbionts [38], location, and host immune response [39,40], which directly or indirectly affect host fitness. Management of chronic infections with endosymbionts may be achieved either by specific bacterial adaptations [9,16,[41][42][43][44][45] or by host modulation of the innate defense mechanisms against its microbial partners [39,45,46].…”

Morfogênese do bacterioma e multiplicação de simbiontes ao longo do desenvolvimento de Diaphorina citri (Hemiptera: Liviidae) e sua resposta ao estresse térmico

“…No entanto, os simbiontes facultativos, normalmente resultantes de aquisições mais recentes no contexto filogenético, estabelecem interações diversas, podendo contribuir de forma positiva para a nutrição e tolerância a fatores de estresse (BURKE; FIEHN; FELDHAAR, 2011;LUKASIK et al, 2013), mas podem também afetar a aptidão biológica do hospedeiro de várias maneiras. Como exemplo, o simbionte intracelular facultativo Wolbachia, amplamente distribuído entre os insetos, induz uma série de manipulações reprodutivas, tais como feminização, parternogênese, morte de machos e incompatibilidade citoplasmática, resultantes na distorção da razão sexual do hospedeiro (WERREN; CORREA;BALLARD, 2012). No entanto, apesar de inúmeros relatos da participação auxiliar desse simbionte em processos de defesa imunológica do hospedeiro (RANCES et al, 2012), na tolerância a fontes de estresse (BIAN et al, 2010), na contribuição nutricional (HOSSOKAWA et al, 2010), na fecundidade do hospedeiro (DEDEINE et al, 2001;, há também inúmeros relatos do custo adaptativo da associação a esse simbionte, que leva à menor longevidade e aptidão reprodutiva (FLEURY et al, 2000;WEEKS;REYNOLDS;HOFFMANN, 2001).…”