“…Electrochromic phenomena have a wide range of applications in the fields of smart windows, displays, anti-glare rearview mirrors, smart thermal control and camouflage, etc., [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. WO 3 , an electrochromic layer material, has been widely used in inorganic electrochromic and other related technical fields because of its advantages, such as high-color contrast, low manufacturing cost, non-toxicity, and stability under acidic and oxidizing conditions [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ].…”