Within-season grass yield and nitrogen uptake, and soil nitrogen as affected by nitrogen applied at various rates and distributions in a high rainfall environment

Kowalenko, C. G.; Bittman, S.

doi:10.4141/p98-139

Cited by 23 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Trial 1 was previously shown to be the least yield responsive of the three trials over the whole season to N application rate (Bittman and Kowalenko 1998). The response of crude-protein-N to applied N also varied from cut to cut similar to the variable magnitude of yield responses previously reported (Kowalenko and Bittman 2000). However, the magnitude of the response of yield differed from that of crude-protein-N. For example, yield in Trial 1 tended to respond toward the end of the growing season, whereas crude-protein-N was increased only in cut 1.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

“…The current study showed that crop crude-protein-and nitrate-N response to N application varies considerably with cut over the growing season. Factors such as residual effects from previous fertilizer applications (Kowalenko and Bittman 2000) plus changes in soil N mineralization and crop growth as influenced by weather conditions (Kowalenko et al 1989) may account for some of the changes as the season progresses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have attempted to develop a soil N test, but a satisfactory universal test has not been developed for forage grass largely because the amount of soil organic N mineralization cannot be predicted (Kowalenko and Bittman 2000). Others have examined the potential of plant N concentration as a measure of whether or not grass growth is limited by available N (Overman et al 1994(Overman et al , 1995Salette et al 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fertilizer treatments in this study had a greater effect on season-average herbage crude-protein-N and nitrate-N concentrations than on total season yield. In another report, we showed that yields of individual cuts within the season were influenced considerably by the distribution as well as the rate of N applied (Kowalenko and Bittman 2000). For example, the fourth cut accounted for 24% of whole-season yield when a total of 200 kg N ha -1 was distributed in four equal applications through the growing season but only 15% when the same total N was applied all in the spring.…”

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confidence: 98%

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Within-season grass herbage crude-protein- and nitrate-N concentrations as affected by rates and seasonal distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in a high yearly rainfall climate

Bittman¹,

Kowalenko²

2000

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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.25 proportions prior to four cut intervals examined crude-protein-N and nitrate-N concentrations in grass herbage at each cut in three trials. Crude-protein-N concentration frequently increased to a greater degree and in a different pattern (based on cut) than yield as the rate of N application increased. This showed that crude-protein-N by itself cannot be used as a method for determining the N sufficiency status of grass. Both rate and distribution of fertilizer N strongly influenced plant nitrate-N concentration; the degree of change varied considerably among cuts and trials. Plant nitrate-N concentration in the control did not correspond to yield responsiveness to N application, making it a poor indicator of the plant's need for fertilizer applications. Residual effects of N applications on plant nitrate-N were noted into the last cut of the season from a single spring application. The effect of N rate and distribution, then, was a function of immediate and residual effects of the applications. There was some evidence that N present in the soil in nitrate-N form enhanced the potential for high nitrate-N in the plant. Plant nitrate-N concentrations accounted for up to 29% of the total N in the plant with concentrations greater than 4000 mg N kg -1 at the highest N application rates. Plant nitrate-N did not exceed 1000 mg N kg -1 , a concentration considered safe for ruminants, when 75 kg N ha -1 or less ammonium nitrate was applied as a single application prior to a growth interval for all cuts. Since grass protein-and nitrate-N concentrations respond differently than yield to N applications, a specific combination of rate and distribution of fertilizer will not necessarily produce maximum herbage quantity and quality simultaneously. L'expérience était réalisée à trois emplacements. La concentration de PB augmentait souvent davantage que le rendement, suivant un mode de répartition différent selon les coupes, à mesure qu'on accroissait la dose d'é-pandage de N. Ce qui montre que la teneur en N total ne peut à elle seule servir pour déterminer le niveau de suffisance de N nitrique dans le fourrage. La concentration de N nitrique dans les plantes était fortement dépendante de la dose totale et du fractionnement du N de fumure, l'amplitude de sa réaction variant considérablement d'une récolte et d'un champ et à l'autre. La teneur en N nitrique du fourrage dans le traitement témoin ne correspondait pas à l'effet de la fumure N sur le rendement herbager et n'é-tait donc pas un indicateur de la dose de N de fumure requise par la culture. Les arrière-effets d'un apport de N unique au printemps sur le contenu en N nitrique des plantes persistaient observés jusqu'à la dernière récolte de la saison. L'effet de la dose et du fractionnement de la fumure était donc fonction des effets immédiats et des arrière-effets des épandages. Il appert que l'azote présent dans le sol sous forme nitrique accroîtrait les risques de concentrations en nitrate élevées dans l'herbage. En effet, le N nitrique représentait jusqu'à 29 % du N...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 98%

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Within-season grass herbage crude-protein- and nitrate-N concentrations as affected by rates and seasonal distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in a high yearly rainfall climate

Bittman¹,

Kowalenko²

2000

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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“…Moreover, although the benefits of nutrient application to forage lands adapted to high moisture conditions (e.g., the Aspen Parkland or Boreal regions) have been relatively well established (e.g., Nuttall et al 1991;Bittman et al 1997;Kowalenko and Bittman 2000), specific information on fertilizer application to semi-arid rangeland and adjacent tame pasture (e.g., the Mixedgrass region) is less common (McCaughey and Simons 1996a). Intensive forage management, including the application of manure, is generally uncommon in semi-arid regions, including on native rangelands.…”

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confidence: 99%

Herbage yield and crude protein concentration of rangeland and pasture following hog manure application in southeastern Alberta

Blonski¹,

Bork²,

Blenis³

2004

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Blonski, L. J., Bork, E. W. and Blenis, P. V. 2004. Herbage yield and crude protein concentration of rangeland and pasture following hog manure application in southeastern Alberta. Can. J. Plant Sci. 84: [773][774][775][776][777][778][779][780][781][782][783]. Intensive hog production is expanding into semi-arid regions of Alberta, where perennial forage lands are increasingly targeted for manure application despite limited guidelines for its efficient use. Herbage yield and crude protein were assessed over two consecutive years within two native rangelands and two tame pastures, following different rates (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 kg ha -1 NH 4 -N), methods (surface banding vs. subsurface injection) and seasons (fall vs. spring) of one-time liquid hog manure (LHM) application. Increasing manure rates improved grass yield across all sites the first growing season after treatment, from 1626 to 3576 kg ha -1 . Although absolute increases in production were greatest on tame pasture, relative yield increases were similar among sites. Average crude protein (CP) concentration also increased from 69 to 91 g kg -1 in the first year. Despite low rainfall and the absence of a yield response in the second year, grass CP and crude protein yield (CPY) were maximized with increased manure application, highlighting the positive effects of manure on forage production, even with drought. Forb yields demonstrated variable effects among sites, with increasing manure decreasing alfalfa and increasing native forbs. Overall, both semi-arid tame pastures and native rangelands responded positively to LHM application, highlighting the complementary nature of hog and forage production under these conditions. Le rendement fourrager augmente avec le taux d'application à tous les endroits la saison végétative suivant le traitement pour passer de 1 626 à 3 576 kg par hectare. Bien que la production augmente davantage dans les prairies artificielles en termes absolus, le rendement relatif demeure le même aux différents endroits. La quantité moyenne de protéines brutes s'accroît elle aussi la première année, soit de 69 à 91 g kg -1 . Malgré la pluie et l'absence de réaction du rendement la deuxième année, la concentration de protéines brutes des herbages et le rendement en protéines brutes atteignent leur maximum avec l'augmentation du taux d'application, ce qui souligne les effets positifs du fumier pour la production fourragère, même quand il y a sécheresse. Le rendement en herbacées dicotylédones révèle que la réaction varie d'un site à l'autre, la production de luzerne diminuant et celle d'herbacées dicotylédones indigènes augmentant avec l'application de fumier. Dans l'ensemble, les prairies artificielles et les grands parcours naturels des régions semi-arides réagissent bien à l'application de lisier, signe que l'élevage de porc et la culture fourragère sont complémentaires dans de telles conditions.

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Nitrogen-Use Dynamics in Switchgrass Grown for Biomass

2008

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This work examines N use by switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). A study was conducted on two well-established 'Cave-in-Rock' switchgrass stands in Blacksburg (37°11′ N, 80°25′ W) and Orange (38°13′ N, 78°07′ W) Virginia, USA. Plots were fertilized in 2001 (year 1) with 0, 90, 180, or 270 kg N per hectare. No additional N was applied in 2002 (year 2) and 2003 (year 3), and biomass was harvested in July and November for years 2 and 3 (but only in November of year 1). Root and soil samples were collected in May, July, September, and November each year and analyzed for N. Nitrogen fertilization did not increase yields in 2001 (year 1), but it did provide residual benefits in 2002 (year 2) and 2003 (year 3).Root-N levels at 15 cm depth increased with fertilization, fluctuated seasonally between roots and shoots, and root-N was reduced over the course of the study. With two harvests per year, about 100 kg N hectare per year were removed in biomass, even in plots with no N added-suggesting N already present in the soils (at 15 cm depth) contributed to yields; but the soil mineral-N pools were reduced by the end of year 3. Nitrogen-use efficiency, apparent N recovery, and partial factor productivity were reduced with higher N applications. The data support the notion that biomass production can be achieved with minimal N inputs, but stands must be managed to maintain that N reserve over the long term. There is also a need to quantify the N pool to depths greater than 15 cm in other agro-ecoregions.

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Within-season grass yield and nitrogen uptake, and soil nitrogen as affected by nitrogen applied at various rates and distributions in a high rainfall environment

Cited by 23 publications

References 35 publications

Within-season grass herbage crude-protein- and nitrate-N concentrations as affected by rates and seasonal distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in a high yearly rainfall climate

Within-season grass herbage crude-protein- and nitrate-N concentrations as affected by rates and seasonal distribution of fertilizer nitrogen in a high yearly rainfall climate

Herbage yield and crude protein concentration of rangeland and pasture following hog manure application in southeastern Alberta

Nitrogen-Use Dynamics in Switchgrass Grown for Biomass

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