Within-Season Distribution of External Training and Racing Workload in Professional Male Road Cyclists

Metcalfe, Alan J; Menaspà, Paolo; Villerius, Vincent; Quod, Marc; Peiffer, Jeremiah J.; Govus, Andrew; Abbiss, Chris R.

doi:10.1123/ijspp.2016-0396

Cited by 23 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 13 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…Although the performance levels of subjects are well defined, data pertaining to maximal aerobic capacity, or volume and intensity of training were not available. As such, characterization of training within this group was based on previous reports using athletes of a similar performance level 44 . Radial ɛ was not reported in this study, due to poor reproducibility of this parameter (CoV 19%, ICC 0.714) 33 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Left ventricular remodeling in elite and sub‐elite road cyclists

Brown

Millar

Somauroo

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Marked adaptation of left ventricular (LV) structure in endurance athletes is well established. However, previous investigations of functional and mechanical adaptation have been contradictory. A lack of clarity in subjects’ athletic performance level may have contributed to these disparate findings. This study aimed to describe structural, functional, and mechanical characteristics of the cyclists’ LV, based on clearly defined performance levels. Male elite cyclists (EC) (n = 69), sub‐elite cyclists (SEC) (n = 30), and non‐athletes (NA) (n = 46) were comparatively studied using conventional and speckle tracking 2D echocardiography. Dilated eccentric hypertrophy was common in EC (34.7%), but not SEC (3.3%). Chamber concentricity was higher in EC compared to SEC (7.11 ± 1.08 vs 5.85 ± 0.98 g/(mL)2/3, P < .001). Ejection fraction (EF) was lower in EC compared to NA (57 ± 5% vs 59 ± 4%, P < .05), and reduced EF was observed in a greater proportion of EC (11.6%) compared to SEC (6.7%). Global circumferential strain (GCε) was greater in EC (−18.4 ± 2.4%) and SEC (−19.8 ± 2.7%) compared to NA (−17.2 ± 2.6%) (P < .05 and P < .001). Early diastolic filling was lower in EC compared with SEC (0.72 ± 0.14 vs 0.88 ± 0.12 cm/s, P < .001), as were septal E’ (12 ± 2 vs 15 ± 2 cm/s, P < .001) and lateral E’ (18 ± 4 vs 20 ± 4 cm/s, P < .05). The magnitude of LV structural adaptation was far greater in EC compared with SEC. Increased GCε may represent a compensatory mechanism to maintain stroke volume in the presence of increased chamber volume. Decreased E and E’ velocities may be indicative of a considerable functional reserve in EC.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Left ventricular remodeling in elite and sub‐elite road cyclists

Brown

Millar

Somauroo

et al. 2020

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…It should be noted that this study was carried out during a period when cyclists are reducing their training and competitions (late September-mid December) which involves training misadaptations (physiological and metabolic changes) [45,46]. These changes may justify the drop in the performance at sub-maximal and maximum intensities for placebo in our study.…”

Section: Incremental Testmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists

2020

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2S-Hesperidin is a flavanone (flavonoid) found in high concentrations in citrus fruits. It has an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, improving performance in animals. This study investigated the effects of chronic intake of an orange extract (2S-hesperidin) or placebo on non-oxidative/glycolytic and oxidative metabolism markers and performance markers in amateur cyclists. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was carried out between late September and December 2018. Forty amateur cyclists were randomized into two groups: one taking 500 mg/day 2S-hesperidin and the other taking 500 mg/day placebo (microcellulose) for eight weeks. All participants completed the study. An incremental test was used to evaluate performance, and a step test was used to measure oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide, efficiency and oxidation of carbohydrates and fat by indirect calorimetry. The anaerobic power (non-oxidative) was determined using Wingate tests (30 s). After eight weeks supplementation, there was an increase in the incremental test in estimated functional threshold power (FTP) (3.2%; p ≤ 0.05) and maximum power (2.7%; p ≤ 0.05) with 2S-hesperdin compared to placebo. In the step test, there was a decrease in VO2 (L/min) (−8.3%; p ≤ 0.01) and VO2R (mL/kg/min) (−8.9%; p ≤ 0.01) at VT2 in placebo. However, there were no differences between groups. In the Wingate test, there was a significant increase (p ≤ 0.05) in peak and relative power in both groups, but without differences between groups. Supplementation with an orange extract (2S-hesperdin) 500 mg/day improves estimated FTP and maximum power performance in amateur cyclists.

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“…One such study focused on a runner who participated in 75 races over three years (38 road races of marathon distance or less, 18 ultramara-thon races and 19 trail running races) and who performed mostly low-intensity training (Takayama et al, 2018). Another study investigating the year-long training distribution for four professional cyclists showed that the cyclists reduced the intensity and volume of their training in the weeks with no race to try to recover (Metcalfe et al, 2017). In Phase 2 of the present study, the subject runner performed mostly low-intensity training except for the races (Figure 3), and his TL in the weeks with no race tended to be low ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 47%

“…It has also been found that an increase in creatine kinase activity is related to medium-intensity and high-intensity training (Petibois et al, 2002). Indeed, several studies have suggested the importance of low-intensity training for endurance athletes who participate in consecutive races within a short period of time (Metcalfe et al, 2017;Mujika, 2014;Takayama et al, 2018). One such study focused on a runner who participated in 75 races over three years (38 road races of marathon distance or less, 18 ultramara-thon races and 19 trail running races) and who performed mostly low-intensity training (Takayama et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Physiological Variables and Performance and the Relationship between Training load and Psychological State for a Recreational Runner during Marathon Season: a Case Study*

Takayama

Shimazu

Aoyagi

et al. 2019

Int. J. Sport Health Sci.

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Some recreational runners participate in consecutive races within a short period. A high frequency of participation may not allow for su‹cient recovery time, leading to overreaching. This case study reports on the training load, physiological variables, performance, and psychological state of a male recreational runner during a 16-week marathon season. The runner completed four marathon races over a period of eight weeks. Training load was quantiˆed based on the cumulative time spent in three intensity zones (zone 1:＜the ventilatory threshold; zone 2: between the ventilatory threshold and respiratory compensation point; zone 3:＞the respiratory compensation point) using heart rate monitoring. The Hooper questionnaire was completed every morning to quantify sleep, stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness. The runner performed four identical treadmill running tests throughout the season. The coe‹cient of variation for maximal velocity and the physiological variables was 1.0 and 1.8-5.2, respectively. Pearson correlation showed signiˆcant relationships between training load and stress, fatigue, and muscle soreness. There was no signiˆcant relationship between training load and sleep. In conclusion, it appeared that the subject runner was able to complete four marathon races without overreaching. Theseˆndings suggest that the training load and Hooper questionnaire are practical tools for monitoring recreational runners during the marathon season.

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Within-Season Distribution of External Training and Racing Workload in Professional Male Road Cyclists

Cited by 23 publications

References 13 publications

Left ventricular remodeling in elite and sub‐elite road cyclists

Left ventricular remodeling in elite and sub‐elite road cyclists

Effects of 8 Weeks of 2S-Hesperidin Supplementation on Performance in Amateur Cyclists

Recovery of Physiological Variables and Performance and the Relationship between Training load and Psychological State for a Recreational Runner during Marathon Season: a Case Study*

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