Within-participant statistics for cognitive science

Ince, Robin A. A.; Kay, Jim; Schyns, Philippe G.

doi:10.1016/j.tics.2022.05.008

Cited by 46 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Such a separation is possible because the results do not come from an overly large number of subjects. Moreover, we use the population-prevalence approach to quantify how common each effect is (Ince et al, 2022 ). However, we avoided the maximum-a-posteriori estimate of prevalence because our number of subjects was too small for such a technique.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic errors in the perception of rhythm

Mansuri

Aleem

Grzywacz

2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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One hypothesis for why humans enjoy musical rhythms relates to their prediction of when each beat should occur. The ability to predict the timing of an event is important from an evolutionary perspective. Therefore, our brains have evolved internal mechanisms for processing the progression of time. However, due to inherent noise in neural signals, this prediction is not always accurate. Theoretical considerations of optimal estimates suggest the occurrence of certain systematic errors made by the brain when estimating the timing of beats in rhythms. Here, we tested psychophysically whether these systematic errors exist and if so, how they depend on stimulus parameters. Our experimental data revealed two main types of systematic errors. First, observers perceived the time of the last beat of a rhythmic pattern as happening earlier than actual when the inter-beat interval was short. Second, the perceived time of the last beat was later than the actual when the inter-beat interval was long. The magnitude of these systematic errors fell as the number of beats increased. However, with many beats, the errors due to long inter-beat intervals became more apparent. We propose a Bayesian model for these systematic errors. The model fits these data well, allowing us to offer possible explanations for how these errors occurred. For instance, neural processes possibly contributing to the errors include noisy and temporally asymmetric impulse responses, priors preferring certain time intervals, and better-early-than-late loss functions. We finish this article with brief discussions of both the implications of systematic errors for the appreciation of rhythm and the possible compensation by the brain’s motor system during a musical performance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic errors in the perception of rhythm

Mansuri

Aleem

Grzywacz

2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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“…The power analysis indicated that the minimum number of participants required for a repeated measures ANOVA with at least two variables (e.g., switch proportion block, thought-probe response) to achieve 80% power given an alpha of .05 was 10, thus indicating that our final sample size of 16 was sufficient. Note that the use of within-participant designs should provide results that are less susceptible to the issues underlying the replication crisis (Ince et al, 2022).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commonalities Between Mind Wandering and Task Switching: An Event-Related Potential Study

Wong¹,

Pornpattananangkul²,

Machado³

2022

Preprint

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Previous research has established that mind wandering does not necessarily disrupt one’s task-switching performance. Here we tested, using event-related potentials (ERPs), the possibility that mind wandering during task switching does not disrupt switching-related mental processes but rather promotes them. In the current study, a final sample of 16 young adults performed a task-switching paradigm while electroencephalography was continuously recorded; mind wandering was assessed via thought probes at the end of each block. Consistent with previous research, behavioral results indicated that switching performance was not disrupted by mind wandering (evidenced by response times). The ERP results showed that at the Pz electrode, P300 amplitude was higher for self-reported mind-wandering switch trials than self-reported on-task switch trials, thus opposing the typical pattern of P300 attenuation during periods of mind wandering relative to on-task episodes. Considering that increased P300 amplitude during higher-order switch trials (e.g., response rule switching) may reflect the implementation of new higher-order task sets/rules, the current findings seem to indicate similar, yet distinguishable, executive control processes underlie mind wandering and task switching, providing further evidence in favor of a role for switching in mind wandering.

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“…A second, probably more radical approach, but partly related to the aspects mentioned above, is changing current data analysis strategies. This has recently been proposed by Ince et al (2022). The central point Ince et al (2022) make also refers to the problems regarding the replicability of findings, that is, the existence of an effect (see discussion on the base rate as well as the criticism on classical null hypothesis testing).…”

Section: Topic 2: De-stigmatization Of Mental Health Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The central point Ince et al (2022) make also refers to the problems regarding the replicability of findings, that is, the existence of an effect (see discussion on the base rate as well as the criticism on classical null hypothesis testing). Ince et al (2022) argue for the calculation of the population prevalence (i.e., the proportion of the population that would show the effect if tested in this experiment) as an alternative approach to analysing data. In this approach, each individual is tested not only once but serves as its own control in repeated testings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this approach, each individual is tested not only once but serves as its own control in repeated testings. While this may not seem much different from single-case studies, the critical point is that through the usage of, e.g., bayesian statistical methods, a generalization of within-participant results to the population prevalence is possible ( Ince et al, 2022 ). For the aspect discussed in the present article, this is of particular relevance because cognitive neuroscience research in conditions where only a few patients can be examined becomes well-feasible and reliable.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overcoming the phenomenological Perpetuum mobile in clinical cognitive neuroscience for the benefit of replicability in research and the societal view on mental disorders

Beste

2022

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Cognitive neuroscience comes in many facets, and a particularly large branch of research is conducted in individuals with mental health problems. This article outlines why it is important that cognitive neuroscientists re-shape their role in mental health research and re-define directions of research for the next decades. At present, cognitive neuroscience research in mental health is too firmly rooted in categorial diagnostic definitions of mental health conditions. It is discussed why this hampers a mechanistic understanding of brain functions underlying mental health problems and why this is a problem for replicability in research. A possible solution to these problems is presented. This solution affects the strategy of research questions to be asked, how current trends to increase replicability in research can or cannot be applied in the mental health field and how data are analyzed. Of note, these aspects are not only relevant for the scientific process, but affect the societal view on mental disorders and the position of affected individuals as members of society, as well as the debate on the inclusion of so-called WEIRD and non-WEIRD people in studies. Accordingly, societal and science political aspects of re-defining the role of cognitive neuroscientists in mental health research are elaborated that will be important to shape cognitive neuroscience in mental health for the next decades.

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Within-participant statistics for cognitive science

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Systematic errors in the perception of rhythm

Systematic errors in the perception of rhythm

Commonalities Between Mind Wandering and Task Switching: An Event-Related Potential Study

Overcoming the phenomenological Perpetuum mobile in clinical cognitive neuroscience for the benefit of replicability in research and the societal view on mental disorders

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