Within-host mathematical modelling of the incubation period of<i>Salmonella</i>Typhi

Awofisayo-Okuyelu, Adedoyin; Pratt, Adrian; McCarthy, Noel D.; Hall, Ian

doi:10.1098/rsos.182143

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(101 reference statements)

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“…In severe cases, it can lead to serious complications and death. 8 Diagnostics tests for S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A: Blood Culture -Laboratory diagnosis of typhoid fever requires isolation and identifying S. Typhi. The diagnosis of typhoid fever presently relies upon the isolation of the pathogen by blood culture.…”

Section: Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of acute febrile illness

Ramamurthy¹,

Vadivel²,

Saravanan³

et al. 2023

IJMR

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This review analyzes the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of major bacterial acute febrile illness (AFI). Existing studies on the AFI is focused the viral AFI agents, some bacterial and parasitic infections. Based on published literature only few studies have been able to identify major bacterial agents of AFI or show the importance of early diagnosis and treatment of AFI. In this review we focused on the most important bacterial AFI agents, which may help to understand how pathogenic the agents are and how crucial it is to diagnose them as early as possible.

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Section: Typhoid Fevermentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of acute febrile illness

Ramamurthy¹,

Vadivel²,

Saravanan³

et al. 2023

IJMR

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“…For non-typhoidal salmonellosis, the incubation period varies from 6 -72 hours but is usually about 12-36 hours. Incubation periods that are longer than 3 days have also been documented [29,30]. The incubation period of typhoid fever caused by S. Typhimurium depends on the infecting dose but is usually between 3 days to 1 month, the common range is however, 1-2 weeks, while it is 1-10 days for paratyphoid fever [31,32].…”

Section: Transmission Of Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors

Oludairo

Kwaga²,

Kabir³

et al. 2023

Zagazig Veterinary Journal

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Over 2,500 Salmonella serovars cause typhoidal and non-typhoidal salmonellosis, which has economic and public health importance worldwide. The routes, modes, and vectors of Salmonella transmission in humans and animals, including the factors that affect them are important in the understanding of the epidemiology, prevention, and control of the disease. This study aims to identify the routes, modes, and vectors of transmission of Salmonella, including the factors that enhance the spread, maintenance, and persistence of the organism in humans and animals. This was achieved by using a Google search engine to obtain peer-reviewed articles on the keywords of this study. The major route of transmission of Salmonella in humans is faecaloral, while the transovarial route has also been reported in poultry. Ingestion of contaminated food or water, contaminated materials from pets/wildlife, infected persons, and transmission to the young through the placenta are described as modes of transmission of Salmonella in humans. Salmonella Typhimurium (S.Typhimurium), Salmonella Enteritidis (S.Enteritidis) and Salmonella Senftenberg (S. Senftenberg) attach efficiently to vectors like fruits and vegetables with the aid of AgfD-regulated-adhesin, biofilms, and flagella. The organism can also invade plant tissues before transmission to humans and animals. Phytophagous hemipteran and cynanthropia/coprophagic insects serve as vectors of transmission by forcibly excreting ingested Salmonella and through their intermittent habitat and diet changes, respectively. Lice serve as vectors by ingesting viable strains of the organism, after they reach a maximum titre of 0.5-5.0 ×10 7 within 6-8 hours; Salmonella is thereafter shed and transmitted through their faeces. Factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella include pathogen, host and environment-related factors like increased antimicrobial resistance, intermittent shedding of the organism and rainfall, respectively. The knowledge of the routes, modes, vectors, and factors that affect the transmission of Salmonella will contribute to the body of knowledge on the epidemiology, prevention, and control of salmonellosis.

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“…Salmonella causing invasive diseases (like invasive non-typhoidal salmonellosis or typhoid fever) invade the gut and reach the bloodstream, with a proportion of the bacteria passing through the mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) (Carter and Collins, 1974). Lymph nodes are central in the process, with speed of onset of infection in various organs being different (Awofisayo-Okuyelu et al, 2019).…”

Section: Understanding Spread and Distribution Of The Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Within-host spatiotemporal dynamic of systemic salmonellosis: Ways to track infection, reaction to vaccination and antimicrobial treatment

Rossi

Vlazaki

Kanvatirth

et al. 2020

Journal of Microbiological Methods

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During the last two decades our understanding of the complex in vivo host-pathogen interactions has increased due to technical improvements and new research tools. The rapid advancement of molecular biology, flow cytometry and microscopy techniques, combined with mathematical modelling, have empowered in-depth studies of systemic bacterial infections across scales from single molecules, to cells, to organs and systems to reach the whole organism level. By tracking subpopulations of bacteria in vivo using molecular or fluorescent tags, it has been possible to reconstruct the spread of infection within and between organs, allowing unprecedented quantification of the effects of antimicrobial treatment and vaccination. This review illustrates recent advances in the study of heterogeneous traits of the infection process and illustrate approaches to investigate the reciprocal interactions between antimicrobial treatments, bacterial growth/death as well as inter-and intra-organ spread. We also discuss how vaccines impact the in vivo behaviour of bacteria and how these findings can guide vaccine design and rational antimicrobial treatment. cessation of antimicrobial treatments, and to guide vaccine treatment.

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Within-host mathematical modelling of the incubation period ofSalmonellaTyphi

Cited by 6 publications

References 51 publications

A review of acute febrile illness

A review of acute febrile illness

Transmission of Salmonella in Humans and Animals and its Epidemiological Factors

Within-host spatiotemporal dynamic of systemic salmonellosis: Ways to track infection, reaction to vaccination and antimicrobial treatment

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