WITHDRAWN: Peace, Conflicts, and the Covid-19: A Meta-Analysis at Global Level

Abstract

Background: The Covid-19 may be a great opportunity for humane solidarity to decrease the prevalence of disease, but it could also be a threat to protests due to the deteriorating economic situation. Hence, the objective of this research was to determine the peaceful and violent effects of the Covid-19 outbreak worldwide. The expansion ofCovid-19 can have various peaceful and violent effects in terms of solidarity, collapse of tourism, and internal and foreign conflicts. Methods: In the current study, a meta-analysis was performed to synthesize the results of 34 original studies published for the last year (from January 2020 to April 2021). Results: The findings showed that the outbreak of the Covid-19 would lead to greater solidarity and more collapse of tourism. The meta-regression findings showed that spread of the Covid-19 significantly affects internal and foreign conflicts even through recession and unemployment. However, there is no considerable impact of the Covid-19 on internal and foreign conflicts considering health status. In terms of the spatiotemporal impacts of spread of the Covid-19, the collapse of tourism has the greatest temporal effect, and European countries show the most spatial effects. Conclusions: Therefore, this study recommends economic decision-makers to financially support social groups working together against the Covid-19. In addition, decision-makers in the field of health must consider that services in the tourism sector should be provided by observing health protocols such as low passenger capacity, use of hygienic materials and disinfectants, and compliance with social distance.