Withdrawal from chronic morphine administration causes prolonged enhancement of immobility in rat forced swimming test

Abstract

The results suggest that the morphine withdrawal resulted in prolonged enhancement of depression-like behavior in drug-dependent laboratory animals.

Antagonism of κ opioid receptor in the nucleus accumbens prevents the depressive-like behaviors following prolonged morphine abstinence

“…Thus, these results suggested that prolonged morphine withdrawal induced depressive-like behaviors, and these depressive-like behaviors were increased along with the duration of abstinence. These findings are consistent with previous studies linking morphine abstinence and depressive-like behaviors [7,8,53,54]. In addition, these findings are broadly consistent with former work showing that the depressive-like behaviors developed after cocaine and ethanol withdrawal [10,29].…”

“…These neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular depression, induced by opiate withdrawal, have been shown to trigger craving and relapse [5,6]. Consistent with the human reports, animal studies also indicated that abstinent mice developed depressive-like deficits [7][8][9][10]. These findings provided direct links between opiate withdrawal and depressive-like behaviors, however, the molecular mechanism underlying opiate withdrawal-induced depression remains unclear.…”

In search of a depressed mouse: utility of models for studying depression-related behavior in genetically modified mice

“…These manipulations include a genetic predisposition; 82,228 exposure to early life stressors, 229 chronic stress, 230-232 prenatal stress; 233 being in the postpartum state; 234 immunological activation; 235,236 or deprivation of dietary tryptophan. 237 In addition, withdrawal from morphine, amphetamine and phencyclidine, which in humans has been associated with depressive-like behavior, has been shown to increase immobility in the FST in rats and mice 77,[238][239][240] and to affect intercranial selfstimulation (ICSS), 240 which further supports the use of this parameter to detect depression-like behavior and indicating the etiological validity of these paradigms. 205 Honey!…”

Mutant mouse models of depression: Candidate genes and current mouse lines

“…In their view this model rather mimics Parkinson's disease associated depression (Skalisz et al, 2002). Recently, withdrawal from drugs like amphetamines, which in humans may cause a depressive syndrome, has been shown to increase immobility in the forced swim test and to affect intracranial self-stimulation in rodents (Cryan et al, 2003;Anraku et al, 2001;Noda et al, 2000). Therefore, amphetamine withdrawal has been proposed as a measure for inducing depression in rodents (Cryan et al, 2003;Barr and Phillips, 1999;Lynch and Leonard, 1978).…”