With or without a Vaccine—A Review of Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Managing African Swine Fever in Resource-Constrained Smallholder Settings

Penrith, Mary‐Louise; Bastos, Armanda D.S.; Chenais, Erika

doi:10.3390/vaccines9020116

Cited by 27 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 150 publications

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“…Given their often low biosecurity level, smallholder farms are considered particularly susceptible to ASFV introduction and are of particular interest in disease prevention and control (36). In addition, even though small-scale farming represents a fundamental part of agricultural practices and is common in rural areas (67), biosecurity and management practices have been described mainly for intensive pig farms (68)(69)(70)(71) and focus on backyard farms in non-European countries (35,(72)(73)(74). Due to the spread of ASF in European countries with a relevant backyard pig production, it is likely that this issue is even more widespread (32).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of these studies recognize humans as being mainly responsible for both long-distance transmission and virus introduction in domestic pig farms, which are mostly comprised of small-scale pig holdings in rural areas (34)(35)(36). All of these studies underline the need for awarenessraising campaigns among all stakeholders to sensitize farmers to proper biosecurity practices and the provision of incentives for farmers to report suspected outbreaks to authorities for rapid confirmation (30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(72)(73)(74)(75). Furthermore, all these studies underlined the need of take into account the context when dealing with non-commercial holdings, in order to ensure survival of these traditional farming methods that express the cultural identity of many countries (42,(74)(75)(76).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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African Swine Fever in Smallholder Sardinian Farms: Last 10 Years of Network Transmission Reconstruction and Analysis

et al. 2021

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African swine fever (ASF) is a viral disease of suids that frequently leads to death. There are neither licensed vaccines nor treatments available, and even though humans are not susceptible to the disease, the serious socio-economic consequences associated with ASF have made it one of the most serious animal diseases of the last century. In this context, prevention and early detection play a key role in controlling the disease and avoiding losses in the pig value chain. Target biosecurity measures are a strong strategy against ASF virus (ASFV) incursions in farms nowadays, but to be efficient, these measures must be well-defined and easy to implement, both in commercial holdings and in the backyard sector. Furthermore, the backyard sector is of great importance in low-income settings, mainly for social and cultural practices that are highly specific to certain areas and communities. These contexts need to be addressed when authorities decide upon the provisions that should be applied in the case of infection or decide to combine them with strict preventive measures to mitigate the risk of virus spread. The need for a deeper understanding of the smallholder context is essential to prevent ASFV incursion and spread. Precise indications for pig breeding and risk estimation for ASFV introduction, spread and maintenance, taking into account the fact that these recommendations would be inapplicable in some contexts, are the keys for efficient target control measures. The aim of this work is to describe the 305 outbreaks that occurred in domestic pigs in Sardinia during the last epidemic season (2010–2018) in depth, providing essential features associated with intensive and backyard farms where the outbreaks occurred. In addition, the study estimates the average of secondary cases by kernel transmission network. Considering the current absence of ASF outbreaks in domestic pig farms in Sardinia since 2018, this work is a valid tool to specifically estimate the risk associated with different farm types and update our knowledge in this area.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever in Smallholder Sardinian Farms: Last 10 Years of Network Transmission Reconstruction and Analysis

et al. 2021

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“…In the domestic pig production cycle, and in certain aspects of the wild boar-habitat cycle, the driver of ASF transmission is human activity [3,6]. ASF transmission risks in the domestic pig production cycle are the highest when pig production is dominated by small holdings or backyards, with low levels of biosecurity [5,7]. Likewise, the risk contact and probability for disease transmission between domestic pigs and wild boars are higher in such systems compared to industrialised (commercial) pig farming systems [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

African Swine Fever Outbreak Investigation on Large Commercial Pig Farm in Serbia

Nešković¹,

Ristić²,

Došenović³

et al. 2021

Acta Veterinaria

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The first confirmed case of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Serbia occurred in 2019. Since then, numerous outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boars have been reported. Until April 2021, all the detected ASF cases were in backyard pigs. Beside backyard and smallholders farming systems as a dominant pig production system in Serbia, large commercial pig farms can also be found, located mostly in villages. In the beginning of April 2021, a large commercial farrow-to-finish pig farm in Serbia with almost 19,000 animals was affected with the ASF virus. The pig farm analysed in this paper is located in an area where ASF was confirmed earlier in both backyard and wild boars. In this study, we describe the overall epidemiological course of the ASF outbreak. Epidemiological investigation using a hypothesis-based approach was conducted in order to reconstruct the disease course until the official notification. All the available data from the farm were analysed with the aim to determine the high-risk period (HRP). Some of the key points to consider when it comes to the sources of infection and entry route of ASF are the following: contamination of the area in the immediate vicinity of the farm, risky human activities, irregularities and some omissions in the external farm biosecurity and immediate proximity of the city waste-yard where the communal waste is disposed of. It was concluded that when commercial pig farms are surrounded by villages with a large number of backyards, hence the anthropogenic factor is the key risk factor for ASF spreading.

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“…Indeed, the adoption of disease prevention and biosecurity measures among small scale farmers in poor resource settings such as the interface of MFNP, is far from complete, mainly due to financial constraints, despite acknowledging the capacity of biosecurity to protect pigs from ASF ( 44 ) and other diseases. While the vaccine is still awaited, another interesting alternative unexplored to date, could be exploitation of innate resistance to the virus, which is fully effective in wild African suids and has been observed in some domestic pig populations in areas of prolonged endemicity ( 14 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial-Temporal Movements of Free Ranging Pigs at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda: Potential of Disease Control at a Local Scale

et al. 2021

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In many Ugandan rural communities, pigs are generally kept under traditional smallholder systems without basic biosecurity measures in place. In some instances, these systems are at the livestock-wildlife interface, as it is the case in Nwoya district, which is bordered by Murchison Falls National Park (MFNP). This pig system has potential for the maintenance and transmission of pathogens like African swine fever (ASF) between different herds, and also with wild pigs (warthogs and bushpigs). In this paper, we describe the spatial and temporal pattern of the movements of free ranging domestic pigs in a rural setting in Northern Uganda where ASF is endemic. We also determine their use of habitat to highlight the potential interaction hotspots between domestic pigs and between domestic and wild pig populations. We fitted 10 free-ranging domestic pigs owned by different homesteads with GPS harnesses during rainy and dry seasons. The pig home range, daily distance, activity pattern and habitat use were calculated. Our results show that the maximum area covered (MCP 100%) by the pigs varied between 35,965 and 475,077 m2. The core area varied from 1,317 to 50,769 m2. The pigs' home ranges were significantly bigger during the dry season than during the rainy season (Wilcoxon test, W = 22, p = 0.04). The mean full day (24 h) distance was longer in the dry season than in the rainy season (Student test, t = 2.7, p = 0.03). The pigs were mostly located within their own homestead, but they also used other homesteads, grass and crop fields. This study highlights that free-ranging domestic pigs may cover a wide area, especially during the dry season. Interestingly, the home range of pigs from different herds may overlap with areas used by wild pigs which share crops and other resources in this area. This study provides insights into a better understanding of the potential for spread of diseases such as ASF at small-scale and can be used to raise awareness of such risks and to better target implementation of preventive measures.

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With or without a Vaccine—A Review of Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Managing African Swine Fever in Resource-Constrained Smallholder Settings

Cited by 27 publications

References 150 publications

African Swine Fever in Smallholder Sardinian Farms: Last 10 Years of Network Transmission Reconstruction and Analysis

African Swine Fever in Smallholder Sardinian Farms: Last 10 Years of Network Transmission Reconstruction and Analysis

African Swine Fever Outbreak Investigation on Large Commercial Pig Farm in Serbia

Spatial-Temporal Movements of Free Ranging Pigs at the Wildlife-Livestock Interface of Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda: Potential of Disease Control at a Local Scale

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