Wise Choice of Showerhead Patterns: How to Save Energy during Showering While Maintaining Thermal Comfort

Abstract

Heat transfer coefficients between shower water and human skin could significantly impact occupants’ thermal sensation and energy consumption during showering. A recent study found that heat transfer coefficients varied considerably among showerhead patterns. However, the specific effects of the showering heat transfer process on the showerhead patterns have yet to be determined. Two experiments were conducted to quantify the spray patterns during showering, and the impacts of the patterns’ parameters on the heat transfer coefficient were examined using different statistical methods. Five showerheads with 18 spray patterns were tested in this study. The resistance factor, water supply pressure, and nozzle area ratio of these patterns were measured to qualify their shower performance. The results indicated that all the tested parameters significantly impacted the heat transfer coefficient in general, and using resistance factor and nozzle area ratio could accurately predict the heat transfer performance of the showerhead pattern. Additionally, this study demonstrated that changing to a showerhead with a higher heat transfer coefficient could save considerable energy while maintaining the same thermal sensation during showering. The influence of water spray patterns on the heat transfer coefficient could provide residents with scientific references when selecting showerheads in their bathrooms.