Wischnewski Spots and Black Oesophagus in Suspected Fatal Hypothermia in a Brown Howler Monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and a Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Almeida, Bruno Albuquerque de; Santos, Igor R.; Henker, Luan Cleber; Lorenzett, Marina Paula; Ferrari, Flávia E.; Surita, Lívia Eichenberg; Panziera, Welden; Pavarini, Saulo P.; Driemeier, David

doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.05.001

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The immunohistochemical analysis showed a positivity to antihemoglobin, so some authors proposed a hypothesis based on the initial hemorrhage of the gastric mucous glands with subsequent autolysis, destruction of red blood cells and hematinization of hemoglobin giving the typical blackish color. Almeida et al confirmed the presence of hematin deposits in the WS observed in monkeys [ 5 ]. Clark et al have described glandular and intestinal accumulation of blackish material with hemorrhagic aspects, excluding that WS are simply mucosal ulcers [ 16 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…The literature review led to the selection of 23 papers, published over the period 2001–2021 [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ]. The review included 12 case reports, 4 retrospective analyses, 3 experimental models, 2 immunohistochemical analyses, 1 review, 1 commentary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biological Mechanisms behind Wischnewsky Spots Finding on Gastric Mucosa: Autopsy Cases and Literature Review

Sacco

Abenavoli

Juan

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Hypothermia is an emergency caused by the lowering of the central body temperature with a slowdown of basic vital functions. Reduced mobility, old age, psychiatric or metabolic disorders are relevant risk factors. Diagnosis of death from hypothermia is a challenge, as there are no pathognomonic signs, and supportive findings can be inconstant. Wischnewsky Spots (WS) are blackish lesions of gastric mucosa, typically associated with hypothermic death. The pathophysiology of these lesions is still uncertain. The aim of this paper is to investigate the pathological mechanisms determining the appearance of WS by analyzing the current scientific knowledge in this area. We performed a narrative review of the literature published in the last 20 years, comparing the results with three cases of hypothermia reported from our experience. The review proved that WS show a multifactorial etiology, i.e., not only body temperature decrease, but also various extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as physical and psychological stress, agony, causa mortis and metabolic comorbidities. The review summarizes the current knowledge in the field of incidence, pathology and morphology of WS by proposing some scientific and technical points for clinical and forensic analysis of this phenomenon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Mechanisms behind Wischnewsky Spots Finding on Gastric Mucosa: Autopsy Cases and Literature Review

Sacco

Abenavoli

Juan

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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“…The formation of WS reported in humans is complex as they are associated with various factors, such as decreased body temperature, physical and psychological stress, and other comorbidities (Bright et al 2014, Sacco et al 2022. In animals, stress factors have also been identified as being associated with cases of hypothermia, such as neoplasia and starvation in dogs (Stern & Vieson 2017), multiple fractures in rabbits, and severe intestinal parasitism in monkeys (Almeida et al 2021). In the cattle evaluated, none of these physical stress factors could be identified.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other animal species, this finding is rarely described. However, it has already been documented in two dogs found dead in an extremely cold environment (Stern & Vieson 2017), in suspected cases of hypothermia in a free-living monkey and a domestic rabbit (Almeida et al 2021), and in manatees that presented cold stress (Martony et al 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wischnewsky spots in cases of fatal hypothermia in cattle

Souza,

Guizelini,

Almeida

et al. 2024

Pesq. Vet. Bras.

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Wischnewsky spots (WS) are hemorrhagic, non-erosive, and non-ulcerative lesions that affect the gastric mucosa. They are considered common in the stomachs of humans who have died from hypothermia and are rarely described in other animal species. This study describes the occurrence of WS in cattle that had died of hypothermia in two cities in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Two properties were visited, and three cattle were necropsied by the team from the Pathological Anatomy Laboratory of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul (LAP-UFMS). The epidemiological conditions and clinical signs of the cattle examined on both properties were similar. The deaths occurred on days when there was a sudden drop in environmental temperature, with continuous rain for more than 24 hours. During the visits, the most affected live cattle were found in sternal decubitus, with their heads resting on their flanks, or laterally in a comatose state, with nystagmus and a rectal temperature below 32°C. Macroscopically, there were multifocal to coalescent red and black areas on the mucosal surface of the abomasums of the three cattle necropsied, mainly at the apex of the folds, oval or punctate in shape, measuring 0.1 to 1.0cm in diameter. Microscopically, these dark areas corresponded to areas of rarefaction of the mucosal epithelial cells associated with hemorrhage and the frequent deposition of golden-brown pigment (hematin) in the extracellular medium. The diagnosis of hypothermia in cattle was based on epidemiology, clinical-pathological examination, and the exclusion of differential diagnoses. The lesions found in the abomasum of cattle that had died from hypothermia were compatible with WS, highlighting the importance of recognizing them in cases of cattle deaths in which this condition is suspected.

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Analysis of the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing esophagitis (black esophagus): A report of three autopsy cases

Sano

Kibayashi

Shimada

et al. 2023

Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine

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Wischnewski Spots and Black Oesophagus in Suspected Fatal Hypothermia in a Brown Howler Monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) and a Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Cited by 3 publications

References 16 publications

Biological Mechanisms behind Wischnewsky Spots Finding on Gastric Mucosa: Autopsy Cases and Literature Review

Biological Mechanisms behind Wischnewsky Spots Finding on Gastric Mucosa: Autopsy Cases and Literature Review

Wischnewsky spots in cases of fatal hypothermia in cattle

Analysis of the pathogenesis of acute necrotizing esophagitis (black esophagus): A report of three autopsy cases

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