Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sub-Pixel Optical Camera Communications: Advances in Experimental Channel Evaluation

Matus, Vicente; Guerra, Víctor; Jurado-Verdú, Cristo; Zvánovec, Stanislav; Pérez‐Jiménez, Rafael

doi:10.3390/s21082739

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…No changes are needed to the current infrastructure of imaging sensors that act as signal receivers; therefore, the complexity and installation cost are very low. Several papers have presented OCC technology as a fundamental key for the development of 5G communication systems in both indoor and outdoor scenarios [188][189][190]. Therefore, it would be very interesting to combine OCC technology with hybrid VLC/RF networks as a way to improve system performance.…”

Section: Challenges and Future Directions For Hybrid Vlc/rf Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Bravo Alvarez,

Montejo-Sánchez,

Rodríguez-López

et al. 2023

Sensors

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The expectation for communication systems beyond 5G/6G is to provide high reliability, high throughput, low latency, and high energy efficiency services. The integration between systems based on radio frequency (RF) and visible light communication (VLC) promises the design of hybrid systems capable of addressing and largely satisfying these requirements. Hybrid network design enables complementary cooperation without interference between the two technologies, thereby increasing the overall system data rate, improving load balancing, and reducing non-coverage areas. VLC/RF hybrid networks can offer reliable and efficient communication solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) applications such as smart lighting, location-based services, home automation, smart healthcare, and industrial IoT. Therefore, hybrid VLC/RF networks are key technologies for next-generation communication systems. In this paper, a comprehensive state-of-the-art study of hybrid VLC/RF networks is carried out, divided into four areas. First, indoor scenarios are studied considering lighting requirements, hybrid channel models, load balancing, resource allocation, and hybrid network topologies. Second, the characteristics and implementation of these hybrid networks in outdoor scenarios with adverse conditions are analyzed. Third, we address the main applications of hybrid VLC/RF networks in technological, economic, and socio-environmental domains. Finally, we outline the main challenges and future research lines of hybrid VLC/RF networks.

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Section: Challenges and Future Directions For Hybrid Vlc/rf Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Bravo Alvarez,

Montejo-Sánchez,

Rodríguez-López

et al. 2023

Sensors

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“…I. The SNR was measured using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM), using the mask obtained from the PSF and a single-center pixel as the ROIs [15].…”

Section: A Experimental Setupmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Alternatively, in [15] a technique based on the point spread function (PSF) was proposed to increase the SNR in conditions where the dimensions of the light source in the image plane (in µm) are smaller than the area of a single-pixel (i.e., under sub-pixel conditions). This approach benefits from the fact that although the projection size of the LED in the image plane (in µm) is smaller than a single pixel, the incoming light irradiance spreads over a limited area of the image sensor due to the atmospheric scattering, which can be exploited in the demodulation process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental characterization of sub-pixel underwater optical camera communications

Majlesein

Matus

Jurado-Verdú

et al. 2022

2022 13th International Symposium on Communication Systems, Networks and Digital Signal Processing (CSNDSP)

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Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC) is a promising technology to enable underwater communications for exploring and monitoring marine activities due to its high bandwidth and low latency. Furthermore, underwater optical camera communication (UOCC) takes advantage of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and cameras already embedded in underwater devices (e.g., drones). In this work, a global shutter-based UOCC system is experimentally tested under a sub-pixel condition, where the dimensions of the LED in the image plane (in µm) are smaller than a single pixel. Although the LED projection dimensions are less than a single pixel, the incoming light irradiance spreads over a limited image sensor area. The results reveal that a 2 m link with a bit rate of 8 bps per channel (24 bps in total) can be attained using an RGB LED as a transmitter and a digital camera as a receiver by applying the point spread function for the demodulation. The validation of this system in sub-pixel conditions guarantees the operation of long-distance UOCC links, where extensive LED sources are perceived as single points in the image. In addition, as the LED dimensions in the image plane are significantly small, the camera can effectively accommodate several transmitters, increasing the link throughput considerably.

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“…The term sub-pixel refers to the fact that the source’s projection area is smaller than the one-pixel area. Recent works [ 100 ] show that the LED’S energy affects the adjacent pixels so that the signal can be successfully recovered. These schemes should be combined with link-level solutions to provide a full sensor network topology [ 101 , 102 , 103 ].…”

Section: Owc On the Smart Tourism Destinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Survey on Optical Wireless Communications-Based Services Applied to the Tourism Industry: Potentials and Challenges

Aguiar-Castillo

Guerra

Rufo

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this paper, we explore the potential applications of Optical Wireless Communications in the tourism industry, considering both indoor and outdoor scenarios and different transmission speeds. They range from high-speed atmospheric outdoor links (Free-Space Optics (FSO)) to indoor systems based on high-speed lighting networks (known under the trade name LiFi©) or low-speed services support the Internet of Things networks, using visible light (VLC) or IR emitters, with receivers based on either on classical photodiodes or in image sensors, known as Optical Camera Communications. The avant-garde applications of this technology have been studied focusing on three possible use scenarios: the traveler himself, in what we have called TAN (Tourist Area Network); the tourist facility, which includes not only the hotel but also leisure areas (theme parks, museums, natural protected areas) or services (restaurants, shopping areas, etc.); and the entire destination, which can be both the city or the territory where the tourist is received, within the paradigm of the Smart Tourist Destination (STD). In addition to the classic services based on radio frequency and wired broadband networks, these technologies will make it possible to meet the tourist’s challenging needs, the establishment, and the destination. Besides, they cover the services imposed by the new marketing services related to location or context and feed the big data systems used to study tourist behavior.

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Wireless Sensor Networks Using Sub-Pixel Optical Camera Communications: Advances in Experimental Channel Evaluation

Cited by 14 publications

References 48 publications

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

A Review of Hybrid VLC/RF Networks: Features, Applications, and Future Directions

Experimental characterization of sub-pixel underwater optical camera communications

Survey on Optical Wireless Communications-Based Services Applied to the Tourism Industry: Potentials and Challenges

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