Wireless sensor networks and flexible electronics as innovative solution for smart greenhouse monitoring in long-term space missions

Developed wireless sensor network to supervise the essential parameters in greenhouses for internet of things applications

“…As can be seen, there are some limitations in other methods. For example, Bluetooth protocol in [19] has a short communication range maximum of 50 m. However, the proposed system can work at a distance of 1000 m. In the WiFi protocol in [20], there is a high power consumption problem that leads to a serious drawback in using them while the power consumption of the presented system is low. In SigFox protocol, data bit per second is very low and it is not appropriate for the vital application [22].…”

“…As Table 1 shows, the proposed system owns lower power consumption than [18][19][20][21][22] that the feature comes from the sleep mode of the transceiver and also using the low-power sensors. Indeed, when the transceiver sends repetitive information for a while, the microcontroller can change its mode to sleep.…”

“…Accordingly, the developed system is versatile and can be developed based on the users' views. Moreover, the developed system has a lower price than [18][19][20][21][22]. In contrast, the bit rate of the developed system is lower than [18][19][20] that used ZigBee, Bluetooth, and WiFi protocol.…”

“…First, a simple algorithm is presented, and then it is implemented on the developed wireless sensor network in which measures various parameters such as temperature, humidity, CO, and CO 2 . The simple algorithm makes lower space of programming than other methods in [18][19][20][21][22] that result in utilising low-cost microcontrollers such as Atmega8 in the market. Also, the presented system benefits an irrigation system that provides a good condition for a greenhouse to enhancing the quantity and quality of tomato.…”

“…Accordingly, the proposed wireless sensor network goes up the number of tomato crops 30% than traditional methods and also declines the cost of consuming methane gas, electricity, and water as many as 30, 24, and 10%, respectively. Although many precision agriculture systems and types of equipment benefit wireless sensor networks in the agricultural field in different applications [18][19][20][21][22], these are not targetted for low-cost wireless sensor nodes.…”