Wireless Communications in a Tree Canopy

Abstract

Abstract-The wireless communications in a tree canopy is essential for pre-harvesting control of fruit productions.To efficiently communicate between a sensor node and a sink node, channel characteristics in a tree canopy must be well-established. In this paper, propagation channel characteristics at the frequencies of 2.45 and 5.2 GHz have been estimated for designing a wireless communication system in a tree canopy. The proposed solution is based on measured path loss, time-varying signal strength and Angle of Arrival (AoA) for various paths in a tree canopy to estimate the channel. Since the waves reflect, refract, diffract and scatter from the foliage, it is complicated to find the true travelling path between a transmitter and a receiver at the nodes. The AoA estimator is used for physical interpretation of the channel. The experimental results demonstrate the channels in a tree canopy are mostly matched with the General Extreme Value model. The measured path gains illustrate that the appropriate antenna patterns must be selected to enhance the reliability of the system.

Development of a System Model for Determining Optimal Personnel Interaction Strategy in a Production Industry

“…The business impact analysis (BIA) (Feital et al 2013) determined how far to go in protecting the functions of the people, information, and equipment in an organization in order to sustain their reliability (Kareem 2015). The quantitative risk model (QRM) (Nohria and Eccles 1992) was used to analyze expected interaction losses over a pre-determined period (Sooksumrarn and Krairiksh 2013). The generalized cost consequence (GCC) (Nohria and Ghoshal 1997;Payne et al 1996) model estimates the total cost of interaction outages as a function of time after an event.…”