Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Research Directions

Raut, Laukik P.; Taiwade, Ravindra V.

doi:10.1007/s11665-021-05871-5

Cited by 77 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 241 publications

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“…The liquid-based methods mostly include material jetting (MJ) and vat-based printing such as stereolithography (SLA) and digital light processing (DLP). We refer to these excellent review articles to get a comprehensive insight into the above-mentioned AM techniques, LOM [44][45][46], FDM [47][48][49][50][51][52], WAAM [53,54], EBF3 [55], SLS [56,57], EBM [58,59], SLM [39,59,60], LMD [61,62], SLA [63][64][65], DLP [66][67][68], and MJ [69][70][71]. A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules, or macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits [73].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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“…In wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), electric arc is used as a heat source, while solid wire is used as initial material [1][2][3][4]. Scalability and anisotropy of properties are considered as the main factors restricting industrial use of additive technologies [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The works [1,2,[7][8][9][10][11] testify that impact strength tests are often appointed as acceptance trials for structural materials. Meeting the requirements both in strength and impact strength is the principally important step for the most structural materials; unfortunately, these properties are usually mutually exclusive [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of impact strength of C-Mn-Si composition metal after wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)

Balanovskiy¹,

Astafyeva²,

Kondratyev³

et al. 2022

cisisr

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The results of study of impact strength of C-Mn-Si composition metal after wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are presented. It was established that destruction of the samples of such composition at the temperatures below tough-brittle transition occurs both via tough and brittle mechanisms. The samples manufactured in the direction along built-up welding are characterized by essentially lower impact strength comparing with those manufactured in vertical direction of samples cutting. Impact strength of the samples made of 09G2SA standard steel is substantially lower than for C-Mn-Si composition metal which was obtained via additive technology. Fractographic analysis of fractures for C-Mn-Si compositions manufactured via additive technology using carbon dioxide and gas mixture displays tough pit destruction type. The samples with high impact strength are characterized by forming of cleavage facets after tough crack propagation to the sample middle, what is accompanied by significant widening opposite to a notch and narrowing under a notch. The samples with low impact strength are characterized by forming of brittle fracture directly under a notch without essential sample plastic deformation. It is shown that built-up welding with partial or complete recrystallization of rolls is required for forming of cold-resistant metal structure. In this case, order of rolls location, heat input and parameters of welding conditions make the direct effect on shape, geometrical dimensions, fusion penetration and number of rolls, as well as on size and morphology of the structural components, percent relation between cast and recrystallized microstructure of seam metal. The complex of these factors finally determines structural state and cold resistance of seam metal.

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“…Powder bed fusion (PBF) processes [14,15] using a laser or electron beam are the first alternative to melt powder together and build up thicker wear and corrosion-resistant coatings. As the raw material is a powder, the manufactured workpieces have better finishing, and thus, more complex geometries can be produced.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pulsed FCAW of Martensitic Stainless Clads onto Mild Steel: Microstructure, Hardness, and Residual Stresses

et al. 2022

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The low carbon martensitic stainless AWS 410NiMo steel has in its chemical composition 13% chromium, 4% nickel, and 0.4% molybdenum (wt.%) and is used in turbine recovery, rotors, and high-pressure steam pump housings due to its resistance to impact at low temperatures, as well as to corrosion and cavitation. Those applications of the AWS 410NiMo steel frequently demand repair, which is performed by welding or cladding. Arc welding is a well-established technique for joining materials and presents several parameters that influence the mechanical performance of the weld bead. Although numerous welding processes exist, optimizing welding parameters for specific applications and materials is always challenging. The present work deals with a systematic study to verify the correlation between the pulsed fluxed core arc welding (FCAW) parameters, namely pulse current and frequency, welding speed, and contact tip work distance (CTWD), and the bead morphology, microstructure formation, residual stress, and hardness of the martensitic clad. The substrate used was the AISI 1020 steel, and the AWS 410NiMo steel was the filler metal for clad deposition. From the initial nine (9) samples, three (3) were selected for in-depth characterization. Lower heat input resulted in lower dilution, more elevated hardness, and lower compressive residual stresses. Therefore, the results highlight the need for selecting the proper heat input, even when using a pulsed FCAW procedure, to achieve the desired performance of the clad. In the present case, a higher heat input appears to be more advantageous owing to the lower convexity index, smooth hardness transition between fusion and heat-affected zones in addition to more elevated compressive stresses.

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Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review and Research Directions

Cited by 77 publications

References 241 publications

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

Study of impact strength of C-Mn-Si composition metal after wire-arc additive manufacturing (WAAM)

Pulsed FCAW of Martensitic Stainless Clads onto Mild Steel: Microstructure, Hardness, and Residual Stresses

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