Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 308L stainless steel components: Optimization of processing parameters and material properties

Le, Van Thao; Si, Dinh; Doan, Tat Khoa; Paris, Henri

doi:10.1016/j.jestch.2021.01.009

Cited by 59 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The stainless steel 316L grain structure developed mostly in the direction of the maximum temperature gradient, whereas columnar grains in the intermediate zone rose vertically upwards in the direction of the building. 29 The complicated thermal histories were induced by the overall multilayered structure of 316L grain epitaxial development in the building direction was detected, as was periodic variation in ferrite morphology. In the transverse direction, two alternating architectures of re-melting area (RA) and overlapping area (OA) were discovered.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316L processed in wire and arc additive manufacturing

Gowthaman

Jeyakumar

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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Wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) has long been considered an efficient method for producing medium- and large-sized components, due to its minimal material consumption, high deposition, superior structural quality and environmental friendliness. The ER 316L wire was employed as the filler metal in the fabrication process with varying heat input by altering welding current (C), wire feed speed (WFS) and travel speed (TS). The first portion of the studies involved producing single-bead welds by adjusting the heat input condition, while the second part involved fabricating three single-bead walls using optimum parameters determined in the first part of the research. The mechanical properties of SS316L samples remained impressively constant when WFS and TS were varied. The macroscopic morphology and microstructure of a thick-walled component were studied using a metallurgical microscope and optical electron microscopy. The mechanical properties of tensile study and micro-hardness analysis were reported. From a microstructural study, it can be observed that the deposited weld beads consist of a columnar structure with primary dendrites. The cooling rate and heat dissipation during the weld deposition process affect the variance of microstructure in different areas. The average micro-hardness value of various linear heat input manufactured components demonstrated stability, with values of 313, 249 and 398 HV, respectively. The hardness results of as-deposited walls provide a higher value in bottom regions due to heat accumulation. Tensile properties were determined parallel and perpendicular to the deposition directions; decreased heat input resulted in superior mechanical properties in terms of tensile characteristics. From the tensile properties, the mean values of various heat input SS 316L ultimate tensile strength, yield strength and elongation were found to be 426 MPa, 304 MPa and 20%, respectively. Fractography showed typical dimple fracture characteristics in all the specimens. It is clear from the current research that parts made by WAAM exceed their 316L casting parts and wrought alloy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316L processed in wire and arc additive manufacturing

Gowthaman

Jeyakumar

2022

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E:

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“…In WAAM technology, uniform bead geometry is essential to minimize material loss in the cutting and machining process and maximize cost-effective efficiency [12]. The average value of bead height, bead width, dilution and depth of penetration were measured and indicates the optimal parameters can be achieved with fine weld bead shape with low dilution and minimum penetration.There was also strong metallurgical adhesion between the deposited seams.…”

Section: Macro-graphic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect on Various Parameter of Stainless Steel 316L Weld Bead Geometry using Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Process

Gowthaman

Bhoominathan

Justin

et al. 2022

jmmf

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This study influences the effect of various process parameters on Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) of stainless steel 316L using mild steel as substrate. CMT has a benefit of a minimal heat input, a high deposition rate, and increased efficiency. Typically, single pass weld beads are utilized for repair and remanufacturing. The geometry of the beads determines the cladding performance of additively produced components. Therefore, optimal range of bead characteristics is necessary to ensure superior mechanical qualities. The parameters includes as: welding current, travel speed and feed speed, were tuned to produce joints with complete penetration depth and zero defects. The weld bead with lower wire travel speed of (2.9 m/min) and higher wire feed speed of (4.9 m/min) at current value of (141A) shows the optimum value of (bead width: 3.56 mm, bead height: 1.72mm, weld penetration: 3.83mm and dilution: 1.5%). This was attributed to the decreases of wire travel speed and increases of wire feed speed ensuring better penetration and larger molten metal. While a higher current value causes the convexity area of the bead to rise, it displays a stronger penetration and minimal dilution.

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“…Nevertheless, many challenges remain to be addressed due to the overall complexity of the multifaceted WAAM process [16], such as defect detection, manufacturing process optimization and automatic manufacturing. Recently some studies tracked these research areas: Le et al [23] optimized the WAAM process parameters, resulting in similar mechanical properties with wrought 308L stainless steel; Ramalho et al [24] characterized different contaminations through acoustic spectrum and achieving quality monitoring; Lopez et al [25] applied phased array ultrasonic to detect 2-to 5-mm defects in aluminium WAAM component.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards intelligent monitoring system in wire arc additive manufacturing: a surface anomaly detector on a small dataset

Polden

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Rapid developments in artificial intelligence and image processing have presented many new opportunities for defect detection in manufacturing processes. In this work, an intelligent image processing system has been developed to monitor inter-layer deposition quality during a wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) process. This system reveals the feasibility and future potential of using computer vision knowledge in WAAM. Information produced from this system is to be used in conjunction with other quality monitoring systems to verify the quality of fabricated components. It is tailored to identify the presence of defects relating to lack of fusion and voids immediately after the deposition of a given layer. The image processing system is built upon the YOLOv3 architecture and through moderate changes on anchor settings and achieves 53% precision on surface anomaly detection and 100% accuracy in identifying the fabricated components’ location, providing a prerequisite for high-precision assessment of welding quality. The work presented in this paper presents an inter-layer vision-based defect monitoring system in WAAM and serves to highlight the feasibility of developing such intelligent computer vision systems for monitoring the WAAM process for defects.

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Wire and arc additive manufacturing of 308L stainless steel components: Optimization of processing parameters and material properties

Cited by 59 publications

References 33 publications

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316L processed in wire and arc additive manufacturing

Influence of heat input on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of austenitic stainless steel 316L processed in wire and arc additive manufacturing

Effect on Various Parameter of Stainless Steel 316L Weld Bead Geometry using Cold Metal Transfer (CMT) Process

Towards intelligent monitoring system in wire arc additive manufacturing: a surface anomaly detector on a small dataset

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