Winter Wheat Responses to Bird Cherry‐Oat Aphids and Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus Infection

Abstract

Grain yield loss caused by bird cherry‐oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) infestation and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection may result from direct damage to the winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop as well as from reduced crop tolerance to stress environments. This greenhouse study measured the effects of R. padi infestation, BYDV infection, or a combination of R. padi plus BYDV on plant height, date of anthesis, yield, and yield components of four winter wheat varieties (‘Roughrider’, ‘Norstar’, ‘TAM 107’, and ‘Vona’) in the absence of additional environmental stresses. Treatments were applied at the two‐leaf growth stage. Early in the pre‐vernalization growth period, R. padi treatment (alone or in combination with BYDV) reduced plant height to about 55 to 60% of the control plant height while BYDY treated plants were about 90% of control. During the post‐vernalization growth period, plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment, to about 80% of control in the BYDV treatment and to about 70% of control in the R. padi+ BYDV treatment. Dates of anthesis were later in the R. padi+BYDV treatments than in the R. padi treatments for Norstar, Roughrider, and Vona but not for TAM 107. Individual kernel weights in the BYDV and R. padi+BYDV treatments were less than control or R. padi treatments for Norstar, TAM 107, and Vona but not for Roughrider. Control or R. padi‐treated plants had a greater number of fertile heads than plants given the BYDV or R. padi+BYDV treatments. Grain yield was strongly associated with kernel number per plant. The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment, 36% by the BYDV treatment, and 50% by the R. padi+BYDV treatment. Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment, 46% by the BYDV treatment, and 58% by the R. padi+BYDV treatment. With the exception of date of anthesis and individual kernel weight, there were no significant treatment by variety interactions for plant height, grain yield, and yield components. We conclude that R. padi infestation and BYDV infection caused significant yield reductions and that the varieties tested had little difference in their responses to these treatments in the absence of additional environmental stress.

Physiological responses of wheat and barley to Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko) and bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

“…Although R. padi feeding does not typically result in visual damage symptoms as previously demonstrated (Reidell et al 1999), clearly this aphid does have an effect on the gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence of its host plants. This research demonstrates that gas-exchange responses occur prior to measurable chlorophyll changes.…”

The constitutive expression and induction of three β-1,3-glucanases by bird cherry-oat aphid in relation to aphid resistance in 15 barley breeding lines

“…This aphid does not cause visible plant symptoms, but it can transmit viruses, such as barley yellow dwarf virus and under heavy infestation it reduces the yield by withdrawing nutrients (Riedell et al 1999;2003). One of the possible measures to reduce the damage made by R. padi is to grow resistant cultivars.…”

Antibiosis and antixenosis to Rhopalosiphum padi among triticale accessions

“…Infestations of R. padi cause yield loss to small grains by reducing yield components such as numbers of spikelets and seeds (Kieckhefer & Gellner, 1992;Kieckhefer et al, 1995;Pike & Schaffner, 1985). R. padi vector barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), which can cause disease and further yield loss in small grains (Bauske et al, 1997;Chapin et al, 2001;Herbert et al, 1999;McGrath & Bale, 1990;Riedell et al, 1999).…”