Winning, losing, mood, and testosterone

McCaul, Kevin D.; Gladue, Brian A.; Joppa, Margaret

doi:10.1016/0018-506x(92)90016-o

Cited by 166 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…If testosterone changes are indeed responsible for the power motive-implicit learning relationship, then the power motive-implicit learning correlation should no longer be significant after controlling for testosterone changes (cf. Baron and Kenny, 1986;McCaul et al, 1992). This was confirmed by our analyses: the power motive did not have a significant effect on implicit learning after partialling for testosterone changes, P Ͼ 0.05.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…While some researchers report higher postcontest testosterone levels in winners than in losers (e.g., Gladue, Boechler, and McCaul, 1989;Mazur and Lamb, 1980;McCaul, Gladue, and Joppa, 1992), others have failed to obtain such a difference (e.g., GonzalezBono, Salvador, Serrano, and Ricarte, 1999;Mazur, Susman, and Edelbrock, 1997;Schultheiss, Campbell, and McClelland, 1999;Suay et al, 1999), thus raising doubts about the efficacy of situational outcomes to affect testosterone levels directly and reliably. Schultheiss et al (1999) have therefore recently argued that motivational dispositions may moderate the impact of situational outcomes such as winning or losing a competition on testosterone changes (for related arguments, see Berman, Gladue, and Taylor, 1993).…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

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Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Schultheiss

Rohde

2002

Hormones and Behavior

144

106

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This study tested the hypothesis that implicit power motivation moderates men's testosterone responses to victory or defeat in a contest situation. It also explored to what extent postvictory testosterone increases are associated with enhanced implicit learning of behavior instrumental for winning a contest. Salivary testosterone levels were assessed in 66 male adults several times before and after a contest whose outcome (winning or losing against a competitor on an implicit learning task) was varied experimentally. Among participants low in activity inhibition, a measure of impulse control, the power motive was a significant positive predictor of testosterone increases (15 min postcontest; r ‫؍‬ 0.71, P ‫؍‬ 0.01) and implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ 0.68, P < 0.05) after a victory, whereas it was a significant negative predictor of implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.58, P ‫؍‬ 0.01) but not of testosterone increases (r ‫؍‬ ؊0.08, ns) after a defeat. Moreover, among participants low in activity inhibition testosterone increases were associated with enhanced implicit learning (r ‫؍‬ 0.38, P < 0.05) and there was statistical evidence that in winners testosterone increases mediated the effect of power motivation on implicit learning. Participants high in activity inhibition did not display this pattern of results. © 2002 Elsevier Science (USA) Key Words: testosterone; implicit power motive; motivation; activity inhibition; dominance contest; implicit learning.The steroid hormone testosterone has been implicated in social dominance and aggressive behavior in a wide variety of species, including humans (Bernstein, Gordon, and Rose, 1983;Mazur and Booth, 1998;Monaghan and Glickman, 1992). Specifically, many studies document rising testosterone levels in response to a dominance success but unchanged or even declining testosterone levels after a defeat (Bernstein et al., 1983;Mazur and Booth, 1998). Mazur (1985) has speculated that postvictory testosterone surges, which can be observed within minutes and up to some hours after a dominance success, may serve to reinforce behavior that was instrumental for achieving the victory. This hypothesis has gained plausibility by recent findings that document rewarding (e.g., Packard, Schroeder, and Alexander, 1998) and mood-enhancing (e.g., Rabkin, Wagner, and Rabkin, 1996) effects of testosterone administration.In humans, empirical support for a direct effect of winning and losing a competition on testosterone is equivocal. While some researchers report higher postcontest testosterone levels in winners than in losers (e.g., Gladue, Boechler, and McCaul, 1989;Mazur and Lamb, 1980;McCaul, Gladue, and Joppa, 1992), others have failed to obtain such a difference (e.g., GonzalezBono, Salvador, Serrano, and Ricarte, 1999;Mazur, Susman, and Edelbrock, 1997;Schultheiss, Campbell, and McClelland, 1999;Suay et al., 1999), thus raising doubts about the efficacy of situational outcomes to affect testosterone levels directly and reliably. Schultheiss et al. (1999) have therefore recently argued that motiva...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 80%

mentioning

confidence: 95%

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Schultheiss

Rohde

2002

Hormones and Behavior

144

106

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In human beings, testosterone has been reported to increase during aggression and anger (Christiansen & Knussmann 1987, Dabbs 1993, Scerbo & Kolko 1994, Van Honk et al 1999, dominance (Christiansen & Knussmann 1987), experiences of winning, for instance in sporting events (McCaul et al 1992, Bernhardt et al 1998, psychic stress (Christiansen et al 1985), and violent and antisocial behavior (Dabbs 1993) as well as with sexual activity (Dabbs 1993). It has been reported to decrease during experiences of losing (Dabbs 1993, Bernhardt et al 1998, anxiety (Davies et al 1992), passive avoidant coping behavior (Müller 1994), and depression (Dabbs 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs

Hydbring-Sandberg

Walter²,

Höglund³

et al. 2004

Journal of Endocrinology

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Fear is a common behavioral problem in dogs. In this paper, we studied the association between behavioral and physiological responses in two potentially fear-eliciting situations. The aim was to establish whether it is possible to separate dogs of the collie breed that are fearful of floors and gunshots from those that are not by studying changes in heart rate and hematocrit, plasma cortisol, progesterone, testosterone, vasopressin, and -endorphin concentrations. Thirteen privately owned male dogs of the collie breed were studied during a floor test, using different types of floors, and a subsequent gunshot test. Seven of the dogs were identified as being fearful of floors and six were declared as fearless. Out of the 13 dogs, seven were fearful of gunshots and six were fearless of gunshots. Since fear of floors did not always occur concomitantly with fear of gunshots, there were consequently four different groups of dogs. The heart rate increased during the floor test in all groups, but dogs that were fearful of floors had higher heart rates than dogs that were fearless of floors. Dogs that were fearful of gunshots had higher heart rates, higher hematocrit levels and higher plasma concentrations of cortisol, progesterone, vasopressin, and -endorphins during the gunshot test than did dogs that were found to be fearless of gunshots. Plasma cortisol and progesterone increased drastically during the gunshot test in dogs identified as being fearful of gunshots. In fearful dogs, the testosterone concentration increased after completion of the floor test and before the gunshot test started, but there were no significant differences in testosterone between the groups. Since dogs fearful of gunshots had increased levels of several physiological parameters, the results demonstrated that this fear is a serious stress for the individual, a fear which it is possible to register with physiological variables.

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“…McCaul [5] reported that among individuals who participated in a task entirely controlled by chance (coin tossing), the winners were characterized by relatively higher testosterone levels and more positive moods. In another experiment [6] subjects were awarded $100 prizes that depended on a random lottery.…”

Section: Competition and Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stress hormone levels in saliva after shogi competition are modified by stress coping strategies

Hasegawa-Ohira

Toda

Morimoto

2011

Environ Health Prev Med

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Objective Using shogi, a representative table game popular in Japan, to model a stress situation, we investigated the modulatory effects of player characteristics on changes in the levels of cortisol and testosterone in the saliva of the players. Methods Saliva samples were collected at the following time-points: (1) 30 min after awakening on the day of the shogi convention; (2) immediately before the game; (3) immediately after the game; (4) 30 min after the end of game; (5) 30 min after awakening the following morning. The study cohort comprised 90 healthy male university students who were members of a shogi club, who were subsequently classified into either the emotional strategy (Em) or cognitive strategy (Co) group based on their scores on a Lazarus-type stress coping inventory. Results Cortisol levels were significantly higher in the Em group than in the Co group the morning following the convention, and this difference was not affected by either outcome (victory or defeat) or perception (competitive or noncompetitive) of the match. A similar but non-significant trend was observed for testosterone levels. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the Em group had a greater capacity to manage the stress from a shogi convention than the Co group.

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Winning, losing, mood, and testosterone

Cited by 166 publications

References 26 publications

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Implicit Power Motivation Predicts Men's Testosterone Changes and Implicit Learning in a Contest Situation

Physiological reactions to fear provocation in dogs

Stress hormone levels in saliva after shogi competition are modified by stress coping strategies

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