“…Instead, nonvoters commonly are excluded from the analysis entirely (e.g., Loewen & Blais, 2006), ignored by basing winner–loser status on party preference and not voting behavior (e.g., Jou, 2009; Moehler, 2009; Moehler & Lindberg, 2009), or treated as a homogenous group (e.g., Blais & Gélineau, 2007; Tavits, 2008). Similarly, little attention falls on nonvoters who carry a partisan attachment, who may have opted not to vote because they expect the election not to be competitive (e.g., Rich & Holmes, 2016). Meanwhile, Rich and Treece (2016), for example, found that while all nonvoters showed lower satisfaction with democracy compared to electoral winners, the coefficient sizes were smallest for those who preferred winners versus those without a party preference.…”