Wing Beat Frequencies ofApis Cerana IndicaandApis Mellifera

Towards acoustic monitoring of bees: wingbeat sounds are related to species and individual traits

“…The fundamental frequency of the sounds produced by the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) was on average 222.4 ± 21.4 Hz (± standard deviation; n = 26 specimens), which is similar to the frequency observed in previous studies with smaller samples (e.g. 235.2 ± 7.5 Hz, n = 10, [47]; 238.2 ± 4.57 Hz, n = 10, [48]), while the wingbeat sounds of wild bees were on average lower-pitched (180.3 Hz ± 50.9). It is worth mentioning that wingbeat sound frequencies could significantly vary depending on the insect flight pattern: whether it is sustained (hovering flight) or it goes in a specific direction [49].…”

“…The fundamental frequency of the sounds produced by the European honeybee ( Apis mellifera ) was on average 222.4 ± 21.4 Hz (± standard deviation; n = 26 specimens), which is similar to the frequency observed in previous studies with smaller samples (e.g. 235.2 ± 7.5 Hz, n = 10, [47]; 238.2 ± 4.57 Hz, n = 10, [48]), while the wingbeat sounds of wild bees were on average lower-pitched (180.3 Hz ± 50.9).…”

The combination of structure and material distribution ensures functionality of the honeybee wing-coupling mechanism

“…However, This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2022 if we normalize the coupling strength of worker honeybees to their body weight (1.1 mN), 26 it can be found that the maximal coupling force, the coupling structure of worker honeybees can bear, is remarkably high: 18.2 times of their own body weight, quite similar to that of the drone bees (17.1 times) 6 and significantly higher than that of the stink bugs (6.4 times). 13 This further elaborates the similarity of the functionality of coupling structures within different honeybee groups, which is that both the worker and drone honeybees require higher coupling strength of the coupled fore-and hindwings in flight to perform dozens of millions of flapping cycles over their lifespan 27 and simultaneously to overcome the most likely happened coupling damage. On the contrary, as a group of inactive insects for flight (private communication with Dr Salerno and Dr Rebora; University of Perugia, Italy), the stink bugs generally fly less frequently compared with honeybees and their flapping frequency (B85 Hz) 13 in flight is much lower than that of the honeybees (B210 Hz).…”

Changes in the wing-beat frequency of bees and wasps depending on environmental conditions: a study with optical sensors

“…Relevant work in this research line includes that done by Goyal and Atwal (1977), who used an oscilloscope to estimate the WBF of two bee species. The frequencies of Apis cerana and Apis mellifera were, in this order, 306 Hz and 235 Hz for workers and 283 Hz and 225 Hz for drones.…”