Windup Phenomena in Real-time Pricing Based Decentralized Battery Storage Management

Abstract

This paper investigates a distributed management strategy for energy supply and demand networks. The strategy considered in this paper is the real-time pricing and decentralized decision making methodology, where the utility, an independent entity who want to realize the supply and demand balance, determines and supplies a conceptual price and each agent, which corresponds to energy storage unit in the problem considered here, determines own set-point of the active power injection as a solution to the individual optimization problem that includes the provided price. We see that the management strategy potentially involves issues of windup phenomena in the price provided by the utility, and we also see that the underlying mechanism causes windup is different from the one in the standard problem due to actuator saturation. The paper proposes a specific implementation procedure of the management strategy that overcomes the issue of windup.