Wind stress on a water surface

Charnock, H.

doi:10.1002/qj.49708135027

Cited by 1,678 publications

(971 citation statements)

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“…Various numerical experiments for 10 hurricane case studies in the western Atlantic Ocean during 1998-2003 were performed with an atmosphere-wave model (Moon et al, 2004), in which the drag coefficient used to approach the sea surface friction at different wave evolution stages was based on the relation proposed by Charnock (1955). As a result, in hurricane force wind conditions (above 33 ms −1 ), a positive forcing is observed from the decrease in sea surface friction arising from the coupling to the wave model.…”

Section: P Katsafados Et Al: a Fully Coupled Atmosphere-ocean Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

A fully coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system for the Mediterranean Sea: interactions and sensitivity to the resolved scales and mechanisms

et al. 2016

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Abstract. It is commonly accepted that there is a need for a better understanding of the factors that contribute to air-sea interactions and their feedbacks. In this context it is important to develop advanced numerical prediction systems that treat the atmosphere and the ocean as a unified system. The realistic description and understanding of the exchange processes near the ocean surface requires knowledge of the sea state and its evolution. This can be achieved by considering the sea surface and the atmosphere as a continuously crosstalking dynamic system. Following and adapting concepts already developed and implemented in large-scale numerical weather models and in hurricane simulations, this study aims to present the effort towards developing a new, highresolution, two-way fully coupled atmosphere-ocean wave model in order to support both operational and research activities. A specific issue that is emphasized is the determination and parameterization of the air-sea momentum fluxes in conditions of extremely high and time-varying winds. Software considerations, data exchange as well as computational and scientific performance of the coupled system, the so-called WEW (worketa-wam), are also discussed. In a case study of a high-impact weather and sea-state event, the wind-wave parameterization scheme reduces the resulted wind speed and the significant wave height as a response to the increased aerodynamic drag over rough sea surfaces. Overall, WEW offers a more realistic representation of the momentum exchanges in the ocean wind-wave system and includes the effects of the resolved wave spectrum on the drag coefficient and its feedback on the momentum flux.

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Section: P Katsafados Et Al: a Fully Coupled Atmosphere-ocean Wavementioning

confidence: 99%

A fully coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system for the Mediterranean Sea: interactions and sensitivity to the resolved scales and mechanisms

et al. 2016

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“…The initial sea surface z 0 value in MM5 (0.01 cm) is normally internally increased as a function of increasing wind speed using the formulation of Charnock (1955). This formulation, however, is only valid under ''complete equilibrium'' conditions, which rarely ''exist over lakes and oceans'' (Arya, 1988).…”

Section: Article In Pressmentioning

confidence: 99%

MM5 simulations of a SCOS97-NARSTO episode

Boucouvala

Bornstein

Wilkinson

et al. 2003

Atmospheric Environment

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MM5 simulations of the 4-7 August SCOS97-NARSTO ozone episode in the SoCAB showed that a relatively rare easterly upper-level background flow influenced surface wind flow directions at in-land sites. An inland-moving surface convergence zone resulted where the offshore background flow met an inland moving westerly (sea breeze plus thermal upslope) onshore flow. Maximum inland penetration of the zone was to the San Gabriel Mountains, where it produced peak observed ozone concentrations. MM5 reproduced the main qualitative features of the evolution of the diurnal sea breeze cycle, as it reproduced the opposing easterly flow, inland movement of the sea breeze front, and retreat of the land breeze front. The accuracy of predicted surface winds and temperatures were improved by modifications of MM5 and/or its input parameters, e.g., by use of the PSU MBLI scheme, analysis nudging with NCAR/NCEP model output, accurate specification of deep-soil temperature, observational nudging with SCOS97-NARSTO surface and upper level winds and temperatures, and use of updated urban land-use patterns. r

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“…In an uncoupled atmosphere-ocean model system, the roughness length Zo over the open ocean is typically given by the Charnock [1955] …”

Section: Coupling Schemementioning

confidence: 99%

A regional climate model coupled to ocean waves: Synoptic to multimonthly simulations

Perrie¹,

Zhang²

2001

J. Geophys. Res.

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Abstract. The NCAR regional climate model RegCM is coupled to the WAM ocean model, using the sea-state-dependent roughness parameterization derived in the HEXOS experiment. Coupled model simulations are shown to give reduced wind speeds U•0 compared to uncoupled simulations. This is in accord with other recent studies. However, the wave-atmosphere coupling is effected through the friction velocity field u,, rather than through the wind field U•0. Thus because the coupling gives enhanced resistive friction, U•0 is weakened, whereas u, is enhanced. Wave heights, driven by u,, are also increased in our coupled model simulations compared to uncoupled model simulations. Coupled model outputs are shown to compare favorably with air-sea observations collected during the recent Labrador Sea Deep Convection Experiment in 1997, both for synoptic storm timescales and for seasonal timescales. IntroductionExchanges of momentum, heat, and water vapor at the airsea interface have long been recognized as important physical processes for the study of climate dynamics and climate change, occurring on different timescales. Better representations of these fluxes are essential for climate modeling on all timescales. This is particularly true with regard to coupled atmosphere-ocean climate models, whether implemented regionally or globally. In the case of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models (GCMs) it is often necessary to [1998] used coarser grids of 60 and 120 km, which resulted in reduced sensitivity to cyclone intensity and surface fluxes. Moreover, while they found that atmosphere-wave coupling gives small effects on storm development and atmospheric circulation, the impact on surface variables was notable. Relative to uncoupled simulations, they found a slight weakening of the central pressure depression, as well as reduced wave heights and surface wind speeds, with increased momentum flux.

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Wind stress on a water surface

Cited by 1,678 publications

References 0 publications

A fully coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system for the Mediterranean Sea: interactions and sensitivity to the resolved scales and mechanisms

A fully coupled atmosphere–ocean wave modeling system for the Mediterranean Sea: interactions and sensitivity to the resolved scales and mechanisms

MM5 simulations of a SCOS97-NARSTO episode

A regional climate model coupled to ocean waves: Synoptic to multimonthly simulations

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