Wind in the forests of southeast Alaska and guides for reducing damage.

Willingness to pay for ecosystem conservation in Alaska’s Tongass National Forest: a choice modeling study

“…This impaired state has persisted for well over 100 years (Alaback 1982). Primary affected ecosystem services include the degradation of wildlife habitat (e.g., Schoen 1987, Flatten et al 2001), decreased carbon storage (Leighty et al 2006), and degraded disturbance regulation (Harris 1999). The degradation of these services also has cascading adverse effects on numerous cultural and provisioning ecosystem services directly and indirectly associated with these forests.…”

Increasing the productivity of biomass plantations of Populus species and hybrids in the Pacific Northwest. Final report, September 14, 1981--December 31, 1996

“…Although root systems with major imbalances are unstable (cf. Harris 1989;Quine 1990; and Table 9, a small increase in Unevenu is apparently beneficial if tied to increased root development on the windward sectors of the root system.…”

“…Influences of edaphic and topographic characteristics on susceptibility to wind damage have been documented and modeled for many forest regions (cf. Gratkowski 1956;Hiitte 1968;Miller 1986;Harris 1989); these influences should be considered in land allocation or scheduling decisions but cannot usually be altered. On the other hand, individual tree and forest stand characteristics also influence susceptibility to wind damage, and many of these are clearly under management control.…”

Riparian and aquatic habitats of the Pacific Northwest and southeast Alaska: ecology, management history, and potential management strategies.

“…Natural physical disturbances include climate cycles and their associated effects on terrestrial, riparian, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, and natural events (often climate induced) such as drought, fire, floods, mass erosion, wind, and ice storms, whereas biological disturbances are often related to insect and disease outbreaks (Harris andFarr 1974, Rogers 1996). The frequency of climate cycles may range from a few years to millennia, and the scale of effects is generally regional.…”

“…Although windstorms are among the most frequent natural disturbances occurring in the Pacific Northwest and southeast Alaska, forested areas of the landscape are affected differentially based primarily on aspect, topography (Harris 1989, Kramer 1997, climate, stand age, tree height and diameter, and tree species present (Canham et al 2001, Larson and Waldron 2000, Lohmander and Helles 1987, Ruel 2000. At the regional scale, recurrence intervals of events that cause substantive blowdown of timber occur on a decadal basis or even more frequently (table 4), but smaller individual units of the landscape may be unaffected for centuries.…”