Wind Farm Noise—Modulation of the Amplitude

Cooper, Steven E.

doi:10.3390/acoustics3020025

Cited by 6 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 11 publications

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“…Figure 1 shows pulses of the same duration, τ = 1 f m , and time varying modulation depth D m (t). In (Cooper, 2021;Hansen et al, 2017) the methods of D m measurements are dis-cussed. Among others, D m is defined as the difference between the mean peak and the mean trough in the A-weighted RMS time series for any consecutive group of 12 pulses that occur during each 20-s block (Huenerbein, Piper, 2016;RenewableUK, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archives of Acoustics

Makarewicz

2022

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Amplitude modulation increases the annoyance caused by wind turbine noise. One gets the improved annoyance when a penalty is added to the measured or calculated time-average sound level. The amplitude modulated wind turbine noise consists of pulses. Each of them could be characterized by the short timeaverage sound level and the modulation depth. The latter determines the pulse penalty. This paper shows how to calculate the improved annoyance of amplitude modulated wind turbine noise, when the short time-average sound level and the penalty for each pulse are known. A special case of identical pulses is discussed. The proposed methodology needs to be tested by research.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Archives of Acoustics

Makarewicz

2022

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Quantification of amplitude modulation of wind turbine emissions from acoustic and ground motion recordings

Blumendeller,

Gaßner,

Müller

et al. 2023

Acta Acust.

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Amplitude modulation (AM) is a common phenomenon associated with wind turbine (WT) related noise annoyance. Within the interdisciplinary project Inter-Wind, acoustic, ground motion, and meteorological data are captured to be evaluated with noise reports of residents living near a wind farm in Southern Germany. The recorded data builds a solid data base for the evaluation of AM. The occurrence of AM is detected within acoustic and ground motion data and set in relation to all available data, including WT operational parameters, meteorology, and noise reports. In this study, the origins of detected AM are tones at 57.8 Hz and 133 Hz, related to the generator and drive train, which are amplitude modulated by the blade passing frequency. AM detection was successful both with acoustic as well as ground motion data. A comparison of a method for AM detection developed by the Institute of Acoustics (IOA reference method) with a method specifically developed to detect AM in ground motion data showed that the reference method detected AM three to six times more often than the newly developed method. AM occurred most likely during stable atmospheric conditions, with a positive lapse rate, and was (albeit to a small degree) more likely to be detected when residents reported higher levels of annoyance.

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Wind turbine dynamic shading: The effects on combined solar and wind farms

Dekker,

Slooff,

Jansen

et al. 2023

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy

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The Dutch climate agreement anticipates the large-scale implementation of solar and wind energy systems on land and water. Combining solar and wind farms has the benefit of multiple surface area use, and it also has the advantage of energy generation from both solar and wind energy systems, which is rather complementary in time; thus, a better balance can be found between electricity generation and demand and the load on the electricity grid. In combined solar and wind farms (CSWFs), the turbines will cast shadows on the solar panels. This concerns the static shadow from the construction tower of the turbine as well as the dynamic shadow caused by the rotating blades. This paper reports on the results of millisecond data monitoring of the PV farm of a CSWF in the Netherlands on land. Static and dynamic shadow effects are discussed, as well as their dependency on farm design. It is observed that the dynamic shade of the wind turbine blade causes serious disturbances of the DC inputs of the inverter, resulting in deviation of the maximum power point tracking monitored. The shadow of the wind turbine results in a total energy loss of about 6% for the given period, park configuration, PV modules, inverter type, and setting.

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Wind Farm Noise—Modulation of the Amplitude

Cited by 6 publications

References 11 publications

Archives of Acoustics

Archives of Acoustics

Quantification of amplitude modulation of wind turbine emissions from acoustic and ground motion recordings

Wind turbine dynamic shading: The effects on combined solar and wind farms

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