Wind farm interference and terrain interaction simulation by means of an adaptive actuator disc

On the Accuracy of Predicting Wind-Farm Blockage

“…The convective terms are discretised with a bounded, second-order accurate, linear upwind scheme. Whereas the 𝑘−𝜖 model [51] with standard coefficients underpredicts wake deficits in ABL flows [52], it agrees favourably with low TI (0.3%) wind-tunnel measurements of model wind farms [50] and is thus selected here. Because a steady-state solver is used, the solution is considered converged if the residuals of the velocity and turbulent kinetic energy are below 10 −6 .…”

“…OpenFOAM is an open-source finite-volume solver, widely used within academia and industry. In this case, the OpenFOAM v2012 (version released on December 2020) is employed and the utilised setup has previously been compared to wind-tunnel measurements of wind-turbine wake interaction [50]. For the RANS simulations, the simpleFoam steady-state solver, based on the SIMPLE (Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure Linked Equations) algorithm, is used.…”

Predicting Linearised Wind Resource Grids using Neural Networks

“…To do this, the wind resource over the potential sites must be calculated, as the elevation and terrain characteristics affect the speed and direction of the wind. A variety of flow modelling options are available for calculating this wind resource, ranging from fast, low-fidelity engineering models (Jensen, 1983;Frandsen et al, 2006) to high-fidelity but computationally expensive CFD software (Song et al, 2014;Bleeg et al, 2018;Navarro Diaz et al, 2019). Time and computational power constraints can make engineering flow models more attractive than full CFD.…”

Wind Farm Layout Optimization with Different Hub Heights in Manjil Wind Farm Using Particle Swarm Optimization

“…The results showed that a value in the higher range of the examined WDC (0.06 and 0.07) and TI (12% and 14%) values represented a better comparison to the observed data. Diaz et al [56] developed the actuator disc (AD) model which was the most common simplified wind turbine model, based on the Open FOAM open-source software. Results demonstrated that values for low and high wake impact situations were improved with 2.5% and 1.3%, respectively.…”