Wind farm grounding system design for transient currents

Ukar, Olatz; Zamora, I.

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.12.026

Cited by 26 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Lightning strike and high impulse voltage are reported to cause failures to electronic system due to overvoltage. Even though the standards are fulfilled, touch and step voltages are controlled, yet the overvoltage issue is still the toughest challenge to be solved [53,54].…”

Section: Characteristic Of Enhancement Materials Under High Impulses Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

Azmi

Ahmad

Yiew

et al. 2019

IJEECS

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<p>This paper reviews the improvement of grounding impedance in grounding system by means of enhancement materials. Various enhancement materials for the past 20 years will be reviewed according to their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a focus on the technique for proper measurement set up based on the standard. In addition to that, the condition of enhancement materials under high voltage exposure is reviewed. Many researchers claim that soil resistivity, moisture content, and surrounding environment are the most contributed to the grounding system specifically on the grounding impedance. Hence, the utilization of enhancement materials is essential in order to maintain the grounding system performance.</p>

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Section: Characteristic Of Enhancement Materials Under High Impulses Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

Azmi

Ahmad

Yiew

et al. 2019

IJEECS

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“…Hybrid systems consisting of wind turbines, solar cells and biogases need special protection standards due to their open locations [75]. Prior experience and standards deal with grounding of slow AC/DC systems which do not suffice for lightning attacks on wind farms [76]. The cause of wind turbine damages by lightning was recently observed by the high voltage Marks impulse generator experiments in Japan [77].…”

Section: Lightning-wind Turbine Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lightning Interactions with Humans and Lifelines

Kalair

Abas²,

Khan³

2013

JLR

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Lightning is one of the fascinating phenomena exhibiting tremendous natural power. It is source of awe, curiosity, enticement, inspiration as well as fear. On average, 50 lightning strikes occur on earth in one second. Fortunately not all of them kill people, albeit 10% people fall prey to lightning annually, out of which hardly 20 to 25% die. Lightning injures victims by heat, shockwave, intense brightness, radio waves, and secondary slip or fall mechanisms. Lightning injury is different from the normal electric shock as it involves transient flashover unlike the electrical contact freeze, wherein alternating (AC) and direct currents (DC) pass through the conductive interior body. Vacuity in knowledge is the driving force behind discoveries and inventions. Lightning experts had hardly developed any concurrence on lightning physics, and the observation of dark lightning complicated the Gordian knot. Lightning preventive, alerting and control devices help reduce fatality rates by the bolts out of blue skies. Lightning was considered to be the second cause of death making natural disasters after flashfloods but preventive measures have slithered it down to the third place in developed countries. Lightning prevention rule recommends 'when the thunder roars, go indoors'. This work describes lightning characteristics, damage thresholds to humans, machines, energy infrastructures, airplanes, wind turbines, light railway tractions, underground cables and pipelines. Power and energy lifelines such as transmission lines, oil tankers and gas or petroleum pipelines are susceptible to lightning strikes. Artificial rocket and laser triggered lightning protection and control techniques help to divert the lightning attacks. Interaction of lightning with power and energy infrastructures disrupts these lifelines. However, lightning itself is viewed as an extraterrestrial energy source. Lightning energy harvesting is an interesting application which has been investigated quantitatively.

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“…Although this work is promising, it suffers from some limitations, and the details of this grounding design and the efficiency of the hybrid model are no longer being discussed. In order to avoid a lightning strike, [27] examines the geometrical shape of the grounding system in a normal wind turbine. A model that increases the maximum step voltage and transient impedance by improving the geometrical shape and some other grounding system factors is presented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the High Frequency Behavior of the Modified Grounding Scheme in Wind Farms

et al. 2017

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Wind generators are exposed to numerous destructive forces such as lightning and are therefore vulnerable to these phenomena. To evaluate the transient behavior of a wind power plant during direct and indirect strikes, modeling of all relevant components is required. Among the protective and control components of wind turbines, the grounding system is the most important element for protection against lightning strikes. This paper examines the impact of nonlinear soil ionization behavior and frequency dependency on a wind turbine in order to model a sufficient protection scheme to reduce overvoltage and make the system tolerable against transitions. The high frequency models of other equipment such as transformers, horizontal conductors, vertical rods, surge arresters and underground cables must also be taken into account to design the grounding system. Our Proposed Modified Grounding Scheme (PMGS) is to reduce the maximum transient overvoltages. We simulate the model in a restructured version of the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP-RV) software to examine the effectiveness of the system. We then apply the simulated results to pair of turbines that are interconnected with a frequency-dependent cable. We carry out the simulation for direct and indirect lightning strikes. The results indicate that the MGS can lead to considerably more than a 50% reduction in transient voltages for lightning and thus leads to more reliable networks.

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Wind farm grounding system design for transient currents

Cited by 26 publications

References 3 publications

The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

Lightning Interactions with Humans and Lifelines

Evaluating the High Frequency Behavior of the Modified Grounding Scheme in Wind Farms

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