Wind energy research: State-of-the-art and future research directions

Willis, David J.; Niezrecki, Christopher; Kuchma, Daniel A.; Hines, Eric M.; Arwade, Sanjay R.; Barthelmie, R.J.; DiPaola, Milo; Drane, Patrick; Hansen, Christopher J.; İnalpolat, Murat; Mack, J. Hunter; Myers, Andrew C.; Rotea, Mario A.

doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.02.049

Cited by 162 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…The difficulty arises in identifying small damage on a large turbine blade without regularly shutting down the turbine for close‐up inspection. Typically, wind turbine inspection is performed manually by examiners using binoculars in the field, but drones have been increasingly employed in recent years . While there are regulations for wind turbine design and safe operation, there is not a requirement for how often blades must be inspected.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By alerting operators of damage in the early stages, significantly more expensive unscheduled maintenances and blade replacements can be converted to scheduled maintenance and relatively simple blade fixes . Research into SHM methods for wind turbine blades has included acoustic emissions methods, thermal imaging, ultrasonic methods, vibration and modal‐based approaches, and fiber optics methods . However, aside from the acoustics‐based approach recently proposed, most SHM methods are not well suited for a wind turbine in operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Typically, wind turbine inspection is performed manually by examiners using binoculars in the field, but drones have been increasingly employed in recent years. 9 While there are regulations for wind turbine design and safe operation, 10 there is not a requirement for how often blades must be inspected. Rather, that is up to the wind farm operators as they balance the finances and energy production and is typically done one to two times per year.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11 Research into SHM methods for wind turbine blades has included acoustic emissions methods, thermal imaging, ultrasonic methods, vibration and modal-based approaches, and fiber optics methods. 7,9,12 However, aside from the acoustics-based approach recently proposed, 13 most SHM methods are not well suited for a wind turbine in operation. Unlike most other methods, the acoustics-based approach is nondestructive, requires few sensors, and does not require the blade to be stationary during testing.…”

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confidence: 99%

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A computational investigation of airfoil aeroacoustics for structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

et al. 2019

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A generalized computational methodology for reduced order acoustic-structural coupled modeling of the aeroacoustics of a wind turbine blade is presented. This methodology is used to investigate the acoustic pressure distribution in and around airfoils to guide the development of a passive damage detection approach for structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades for the first time. The output of a k − ε turbulence model computational fluid dynamics simulation is used to calculate simple acoustic sources on the basis of model tuning with published experimental data. The methodology is then applied to a computational case study of a 0.3048-m chord NACA 0012 airfoil with two internal cavities, each with a microphone placed along the shear web. Five damage locations and four damage sizes are studied and compared with the healthy baseline case for three strategically selected acoustic frequencies: 1, 5, and 10 kHz. In 22 of the 36 cases in which the front cavity is damaged, the front cavity microphone measures an increase in sound pressure level (SPL) above 3 dB, while rear cavity damage only results in six out of 24 cases with a 3-dB increase in the rear cavity. The 1-and 5-kHz cases show a more consistent increase in SPL than the 10-kHz case, illustrating the spectral dependency of the model. The case study shows how passive acoustic detection could be used to identify blade damage, while providing a template for application of the methodology to investigate the feasibility of passive detection for any specific turbine blade. K E Y W O R D Sacoustic sensing, aeroacoustics, flow noise, passive damage detection, structural health monitoring, wind turbine blade | INTRODUCTIONThe amount of electricity generated by wind farms in the United States has grown from 34.4 × 10 6 MWh (0.83% of generated electricity) in 2007 to 25.4 × 10 7 MWh (6.3% of generated electricity) in 2017. 1 One quarter of electric power capacity additions in the United States in 2017 were wind farms, and $11 billion was invested in wind power, making it the third fastest growing source of electricity behind solar and natural gas. 2 The worldwide capacity reached 539 GW in 2017, an increase of 52.5 GW from 2016, and is expected to surpass 840 GW by the end of 2022. 3 As the wind energy industry continues to grow, it becomes increasingly important to reduce the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) for wind energy. The operation and maintenance (O&M) costs are a significant contributor to the overall LCOE and can account for between 11% and 30% LCOE of an onshore wind project with higher projected values for offshore projects. 4-6 Consequently, the LCOE can be mitigated by reducing the O&M costs.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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A computational investigation of airfoil aeroacoustics for structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

et al. 2019

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“…Wind energy, in particular, offshore wind power, has been recognized as one of the highest growing and the most important future renewable energy source [1,2]. Due to severe environmental conditions-such as severe storms, typhoons, ocean currents, and waves-offshore wind farms face more challenges in the issues of structure safety.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visible Light Communication System for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Scour Early Warning Monitoring

Lin

Chang

et al. 2019

Water

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Offshore wind farms have a superior wind source to terrestrial wind farms, but they also face more severe environmental conditions such as severe storms, typhoons, and sea waves. Scour leads to the excavation of sediments around the foundations of structures, reducing the safe capacity of the structures. The phenomenon of pier scour is extremely complex because of the combined effects of the vortex system involving time-dependent flow patterns and sediment transport mechanisms. A real-time scour monitoring system can improve the safety of structures and afford cost-effective operations by preventing premature or unnecessary maintenance. This paper proposes an on-site scour monitoring system using visible light communication (VLC) modules for offshore wind turbine installations. A flume experiment revealed that the system was highly sensitive and accurate in monitoring seabed scour processes. This arrayed-VLC sensory system, proposed in this paper, has considerable potential for safety monitoring and also can contribute to improving the accuracy of empirical scour formulas for sustainable maintenance in the life cycle of offshore structures.

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MXenes and MXene‐Based Metal Hydrides for Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage: A Review

ur Rehman,

Akram Khan,

Mansha

et al. 2024

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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Hydrogen‐driven energy is fascinating among the everlasting energy sources, particularly for stationary and onboard transportation applications. Efficient hydrogen storage presents a key challenge to accomplishing the sustainability goals of hydrogen economy. In this regard, solid‐state hydrogen storage in nanomaterials, either physically or chemically adsorbed, has been considered a safe path to establishing sustainability goals. Though metal hydrides have been extensively explored, they fail to comply with the set targets for practical utilization. Recently, MXenes, both in bare form and hybrid state with metal hydrides, have proven their flair in ascertaining the hydrides′ theoretical and experimental hydrogen storage capabilities far beyond the fancy materials and current state‐of‐the‐art technologies. This review encompasses the significant accomplishments achieved by MXenes (primarily in 2019–2024) for enhancing the hydrogen storage performance of various metal hydride materials such as MgH2, AlH3, Mg(BH4)2, LiBH4, alanates, and composite hydrides. It also discusses the bottlenecks of metal hydrides for hydrogen storage, the potential use of MXenes hybrids, and their challenges, such as reversibility, H2 losses, slow kinetics, and thermodynamic barriers. Finally, it concludes with a detailed roadmap and recommendations for mechanistic‐driven future studies propelling toward a breakthrough in solid material‐driven hydrogen storage using cost‐effective, efficient, and long‐lasting solutions.

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Wind energy research: State-of-the-art and future research directions

Cited by 162 publications

References 88 publications

A computational investigation of airfoil aeroacoustics for structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

A computational investigation of airfoil aeroacoustics for structural health monitoring of wind turbine blades

Visible Light Communication System for Offshore Wind Turbine Foundation Scour Early Warning Monitoring

MXenes and MXene‐Based Metal Hydrides for Solid‐State Hydrogen Storage: A Review

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