Wind affects the growth, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine (<i>Casuarina equisetifolia</i>) seedlings

Lee, Jung-Tai; Yen, Lin-Zhi; Lee, Ming-Jen

doi:10.1080/13416979.2019.1624306

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The plant stem was cut off 15 cm above the stem base and debarked to prevent slippage of the pulling fixture. Pullout tests were carried out using a pullout machine (USPA-003, U-Soft Tech Co., Taipei, Taiwan) equipped with 5T load cell (Kyowa, Tokyo, Japan) [30]. The displacement was measured with a displacement transducer (TML DP-2000F, Tokyo Measuring Instruments Laboratory, Tokyo, Japan).…”

Section: Vertical Pullout Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas

Lee

Chu

Lin

et al. 2020

Forests

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Frequent earthquakes, monsoon torrential rains and typhoons cause severe landslides and soil erosion in Taiwan. Hibiscus taiwanensis, Macaranga tanarius, and Mallotus paniculatus are major pioneer tree species appearing on landslide-scarred areas. Thus, these species can be used to restore the self-sustaining native vegetation on forest landslides, to control erosion, and to stabilize slope. However, their growth performance, root traits and biomechanical properties have not been well characterized. In this study, root system and root traits were investigated using the excavation method, and biomechanical tests were performed to determine the uprooting resistance, root tensile strength and Young’s modulus of 1-year-old Hibiscus taiwanensis, Macaranga tanarius, and Mallotus paniculatus seedlings. The results reveal that relative to H. taiwanensis, M. tanarius and M. paniculatus seedlings had significantly larger root collar diameter, longer taproot length, higher root biomass, higher root density, higher root length density, heavier root mass, larger external root surface area, higher root tissue density, larger root volume, longer total root length, and a higher root tip number. Additionally, the height of M. paniculatus seedlings was significantly higher than those of H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius. Furthermore, the uprooting resistance and root tensile strength of M. paniculatus seedlings was significantly higher than those of H. taiwanensis and M. tanarius. Young’s modulus of M. paniculatus and M. tanarius seedlings was also significantly higher than that of H. taiwanensis. These growth characteristics and biomechanical properties demonstrate M. paniculatus and M. tanarius are superior than H. taiwanensis, considering growth performance, root anchorage capability, tensile strength and Young’s modulus. Taken as a whole, the rank order for species selection of these pioneer species for reforestation comes as: M. paniculatus M. tanarius H. taiwanensis. These results, along with knowledge on vegetation dynamics following landslides, allow us to better evaluate the effect of selective removal management of pioneer species on the resilience and sustainability of landslides.

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Section: Vertical Pullout Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas

Lee

Chu

Lin

et al. 2020

Forests

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“…The wind tunnel was established using a steel frame covered by polycarbonate sheets (600 cm × 100 cm × 130 cm, L×W×H). The wind generator consisted of a blower fan with a rigid plastic pipe, set in front of the wind tunnel [34]. In addition, an acrylic horizontal sand collector (80 cm × 30 cm × 25 cm, L × W × H) was put behind the box to collect wind-blown sand [35].…”

Section: Wind Tunnel Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Growth Characteristics and Anti-Wind Erosion Ability of Three Tropical Foredune Pioneer Species for Sand Dune Stabilization

et al. 2020

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Rainstorms frequently cause runoff and then the runoff carries large amounts of sediments (sand, clay, and silt) from upstream and deposit them on different landforms (coast, plain, lowland, piedmont, etc.). Afterwards, monsoons and tropical cyclones often induce severe coastal erosion and dust storms in Taiwan. Ipomoea pes-caprae (a vine), Spinifex littoreus (a grass), and Vitex rotundifolia (a shrub) are indigenous foredune pioneer species. These species have the potential to restore coastal dune vegetation by controlling sand erosion and stabilizing sand dunes. However, their growth characteristics, root biomechanical traits, and anti-wind erosion abilities in sand dune environments have not been documented. In this study, the root growth characteristics of these species were examined by careful hand digging. Uprooting test and root tensile test were carried out to measure their mechanical strength, and wind tunnel (6 m × 1 m × 1.3 m, L × W × H) tests were executed to explore the anti-wind erosion ability using one-year-old seedlings. The results of root growth characteristics demonstrate that I. pes-caprae is superior to S. littoreus and V. rotundifolia. Moreover, uprooting resistance of V. rotundifolia seedlings (0.074 ± 0.032 kN) was significantly higher than that of I. pes-caprae (0.039 ± 0.015 kN) and S. littoreus (0.013 ± 0.005 kN). Root tensile strength of S. littoreus (16.68 ± 8.88 MPa) and V. rotundifolia (16.48 ± 4.37 MPa) were significantly higher than that of I. pes-caprae (6.65 ± 2.39 MPa). In addition, wind tunnel tests reveal that sand wind erosion rates for all three species decrease with increasing vegetation cover, but the anti-wind erosion ability of S. littoreus seedlings is significantly higher than I. pes-caprae and V. rotundifolia. Results of root tensile strength and anti-wind erosion ability clearly show that S. littoreus is superior to I. pes-caprae and V. rotundifolia. Taken together, our results suggest that I. pes-caprae and S. littoreus are beneficial for front line mixed planting, while V. rotundifolia is suitable for second line planting in foredune areas. These findings, along with the knowledge on adaption of foredune plants following sand accretion and erosion, provide us critical information for developing the planting strategy of foredune pioneer plants for the sustainable management of coastal foredune ecosystem.

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“…Prior to each pullout test, stems were cut off from 10 cm beyond the stem base. Vertical pullout test was executed utilizing a pullout machine (USPA-003, U-Soft Tech Co., Taipei, Taiwan) [31]. The maximum pullout resistance (PR max , N) was calculated utilizing the following equation:…”

Section: Pullout Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fifty root segments of each species were tested within 20 h of collection. Root tensile test was performed using a tensile testing apparatus (USPT-003, U-Soft Tech Co., Taipei, Taiwan) [31]. Prior to testing, the diameter of the mid-segment was measured.…”

Section: Root Tensile Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Root Functional Traits and Water Erosion-Reducing Potential of Two Indigenous C4 Grass Species for Erosion Control of Mudstone Badlands in Taiwan

Lee¹,

Lin²,

Shih³

et al. 2022

Water

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In southern Taiwan, mudstone badland accounts for over 1000 km2 of the upstream region of watersheds. Rainstorms often induce interrill and surface erosion on the mudstone slopes. Furthermore, the large quantity of soils detached by surface runoff result in severe sedimentation in reservoirs. Thus, soil erosion control of mudstone badlands represents one of the most pressing problems in reservoir watershed management. Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (Bermuda grass) and Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. (Centipedegrass) are two native predominant C4 grass species appearing on mudstone badlands. They play a key role in erosion control and the revegetation of mudstone slopes. Nevertheless, their root functional traits and water erosion-reducing potential have not been investigated. In this study, the root traits were examined. Vertical pullout and tensile tests were conducted to measure root pullout resistance and root tensile strength. Hydraulic flume tests were also performed to evaluate their water erosion-reducing potentials. The results demonstrated that the root systems of C. dactylon and E. ophiuroides grasses all belonged to the fibrous M-type. C. dactylon had remarkably better root traits compared to those of E. ophiuroides. Furthermore, the root tensile resistance of C. dactylon was remarkably higher than that of E. ophiuroides. In addition, hydraulic flume tests showed that C. dactylon has remarkably smaller soil detachment rates than that of E. ophiuroides. Altogether, our data clearly show that C. dactylon has better root traits, root pullout resistance, root tensile resistance and water erosion-reducing potential than E. ophiuroides and is more suitable for erosion control of mudstone badland. Further studies on large-scale implementation techniques of these species for efficient vegetation restoration are needed.

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Wind affects the growth, root anchorage and tensile strength of Australian pine (Casuarina equisetifolia) seedlings

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas

Root Traits and Biomechanical Properties of Three Tropical Pioneer Tree Species for Forest Restoration in Landslide Areas

Growth Characteristics and Anti-Wind Erosion Ability of Three Tropical Foredune Pioneer Species for Sand Dune Stabilization

Root Functional Traits and Water Erosion-Reducing Potential of Two Indigenous C4 Grass Species for Erosion Control of Mudstone Badlands in Taiwan

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