Wilson-Leonard An 11,000-year Archeological Record of Hunter-Gatherers in Central Texas Volume V: Special Studies

Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Wurzbach Parkway Extension Project from Blanco Road to Wetmore Road, Bexar County, Texas

“…But Paleoindians probably used a much wider array of resources (Meltzer and Bever 1995:59), including small fauna and plant foods. Faunal remains from Kincaid Rockshelter and the Wilson-Leonard site (41WM235) support this view (Bousman 1998;Collins 1998;Collins et al 1989). Longstanding ideas about Paleoindian technologies also are being challenged.…”

“…to 1,300-1,200 b.p. (Collins 2004) and generally is believed to represent a shift toward hunting and gathering of a wider array of animal and plant resources and a decrease in group mobility (Willey and Phillips 1958:107-108 Collins 2004Collins , 1998Collins et al 1989) and that these practices continued into the succeeding Late Prehistoric period (Collins 2004;Prewitt 1981:74). In a real sense, the Archaic period of central Texas is not a developmental stage, but an arbitrary chronological construct and projectile point style sequence.…”

“…The use of rock features suggests that retaining heat and releasing it slowly over an extended period were important in food processing and cooking and reflects a specialized subsistence strategy. Such a practice probably was related to cooking plant foods, particularly roots and bulbs, many of which must be subjected to prolonged periods of cooking to render them consumable and digestible (Black et al 1997:257;Wandsnider 1997;Wilson 1930 (Collins et al 1998).…”

Archaeological Investigations at the Ice House Site, 41HY161: Early Archaic Technology, Subsistence, and Settlement Along the Balcones Escarpment, Hays County, Texas

“…Paleoindian technology, and Collins (1995) and Collins et al (1998) (Thoms 2005), and 41BX996 (Black, et al 1998). At…”

“…The Early Archaic in Central Texas is a poorly defined sub period, both at its inception and its conclusion, and some of these issues relate to how the Early Archaic defined. One of the most visible traits is the appearance and spread of specialized hot-rock cooking along the edge of the Balcones Escarpment and onto the Edwards Plateau (Collins, et al 1990;Collins, et al 1998). During this period, the lanceolate point tradition is finally replaced by a variety of split stem points indicating a shift towards a different method of hafting and increasingly diverse number of projectile point styles of varying uniformity.…”