Willkürliche Umwandlung von Säugetier-Männchen in Tiere mit ausgeprägt weiblichen Geschlechtscharakteren und weiblicher Psyche

Steinach, E.

doi:10.1007/bf01680402

Cited by 109 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…On the other hand, he stimulated Eugen Steinach in Vienna to implant testes and ovaries in castrated animals of the opposite sex and to study their effects on sexual behavior. Steinach (1912) recognized that sex-specific mating and gender role behavior are influenced, indeed, by endocrine factors of the gonads. Following prepubertal castration plus implantation of the opposite gonads he achieved a certain masculinization of psychosexual behavior in females and feminization in males.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene- and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism

Dörner¹,

Poppe²,

Stahl³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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Sexual brain organization is dependent on sex hormone and neurotransmitter levels occurring during critical developmental periods. The higher the androgen levels during brain organization, caused by genetic and/or environmental factors, the higher is the biological predisposition to bi- and homosexuality or even transsexualism in females and the lower it is in males. Adrenal androgen excess, leading to heterotypical sexual orientation and/or gender role behavior in genetic females, can be caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, especially when associated with prenatal stress. The cortisol (F) precursor 21-deoxycortisol (21-DOF) was found to be significantly increased after ACTH stimulation in homosexual as compared to heterosexual females. 21-DOF was increased significantly before and even highly significantly after ACTH stimulation in female-to-male transsexuals. In view of these data, heterozygous and homozygous forms, respectively, of 21-hydroxylase deficiency represent a genetic predisposition to androgen-dependent development of homosexuality and transsexualism in females. Testicular androgen deficiency in prenatal life, giving rise to heterotypical sexual orientation and/or gender role behavior in genetic males, may be induced by prenatal stress and/or maternal or fetal genetic alterations. Most recently, in mothers of homosexual men--following ACTH stimulation--a significantly increased prevalence of high 21-DOF plasma values and 21-DOF/F ratios was found, which surpassed the mean + 1 SD level of heterosexual control women. In homosexual men as well--following ACTH stimulation--most of the 21-DOF plasma values and 21-DOF/F ratios also surpassed the mean + 1 SD level of heterosexual men. In only one out of 9 homosexual males, neither in his blood nor in that of his mother increased 21-DOF values and 21-DOF/F ratios were found after ACTH stimulation. In this homosexual man, however, the plasma dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) values and the DHEA-S/1000 x A (A = androstenedione) ratio were increased before and after ACTH stimulation. Furthermore, highly significantly increased basal plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were found in male-to-female transsexuals as compared to normal males, suggesting partial 3 beta-ol hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase deficiency to be a predisposing factor for the development of male-to-female transsexualism.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene- and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism

Dörner¹,

Poppe²,

Stahl³

et al. 2009

Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes

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“…[32][33][34]. He completed heterologous transplants, as well as crossed-sex, and dual transplants in males and in females.…”

Section: Transplanted Gonads Behavioral Hermaphrodites and The Womamentioning

confidence: 99%

Eugen Steinach: The First Neuroendocrinologist

et al. 2014

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In 1936, Eugen Steinach and colleagues published a work that brought steroid biochemistry to the study of sexual behavior and, using synthetic androgens and estrogens, foreshadowed by an astonishing 4 decades the discovery of the central role of estrogen in the sexual behavior of male rats. We offer an English translation of that paper, accompanied by historical commentary that presents Steinach as a pioneer in reproductive neuroendocrinology. His work 1) established the interstitial cells as the main source of mammalian gonadal hormones; 2) launched the hypothesis that steroid hormones act on the brain to induce sexual behavior and that chronic gonadal transplants produce sexual reversals in physiology and behavior; 3) demonstrated the influence of sensory stimulation on testicular function; and finally 4) spearheaded the development of synthetic commercial hormones for clinical use in humans. Although its applications were controversial, Steinach's research was confirmed by many, and his concepts were applied to fields such as oncology and vascular disease. His contemporaries lauded his research, as indicated by his 7 Nobel Prize nominations. But Steinach's basic research was rarely acknowledged as the field flourished after 1950. The translation and our commentary attempt to reverse that neglect among behavioral neuroendocrinologists and clarify his central role as a founder of the neuroendocrinology of sexual behavior and reproduction.

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“…Both same‐ and crossed‐sex transplants showed that the putative hormones could (because the transplants severed all neural connections) act autonomously to flexibly shape the development of masculinity or femininity in either males or in females. Infant males were feminized by transplanted ovaries, and infant females were masculinized by transplanted testes (Steinach, , ). Strikingly, implants of both ovaries and testes in the same individual during infancy produced cyclic hermaphrodites—animals (either males or females) that alternately expressed both male and female sexual attributes (Steinach, ).…”

Section: The Bva Foundingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling and culturing diversity: Experimental zoology before World War II and Vienna's Biologische Versuchsanstalt

Logan

Brauckmann

2015

J. Exp. Zool.

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Founded in Vienna in 1903, the Institute for Experimental Biology pioneered the application of experimental methods to living organisms maintained for sustained periods in captivity. Its Director, the zoologist Hans Przibram, oversaw until 1938, the attempt to integrate ontogeny with studies of inheritance using precise and controlled measurements of the impact of environmental influences on the emergence of form and function. In the early years, these efforts paralleled and even fostered the emergence of experimental biology in America. But fate intervened. Though the Institute served an international community, most of its resident scientists and staff were of Jewish ancestry. Well before the Nazis entered Austria in 1938, these men and women were being fired and driven out; some, including Przibram, were eventually killed. We describe the unprecedented facilities built and the topics addressed by the several departments that made up this Institute, stressing those most relevant to the establishment and success of the Journal of Experimental Zoology, which was founded just a year later. The Institute's diaspora left an important legacy in North America, perhaps best embodied by the career of the developmental neuroscientist Paul Weiss.

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Willkürliche Umwandlung von Säugetier-Männchen in Tiere mit ausgeprägt weiblichen Geschlechtscharakteren und weiblicher Psyche

Cited by 109 publications

References 0 publications

Gene- and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism

Gene- and Environment-Dependent Neuroendocrine Etiogenesis of Homosexuality and Transsexualism

Eugen Steinach: The First Neuroendocrinologist

Controlling and culturing diversity: Experimental zoology before World War II and Vienna's Biologische Versuchsanstalt

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