Willingness to Accept a COVID-19 Vaccine in Nigeria: A Population-based Cross-sectional Study

Abstract

Background: The study assessed the intention to accept a future COVID-19 vaccine in Nigeria and associated factors. Materials and Methods: Between July 2020 and August 2020, a cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire that captured demographic data, risk perception, trust in government and public health authorities and willingness to accept a future COVID-19 vaccine. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 21.0, Chi-square and logistic regression were carried out at a 95% confidence interval. Appropriate institutional ethical board approval and informed consent were obtained from all participants. Results: 1,228 responses were received over the study period. The mean age of respondents was 32.8 years (SD 10.4), 12.7% (156/1,228) were health workers, 66.9% (820/1,228) had tertiary level of education. Intention to accept a future COVID-19 vaccine was expressed by 50.2% (617/1,228) of respondents. Increasing age, male gender, trust in government, trust in public health authorities, confidence in vaccine developers, willingness to pay for and travel for a vaccine, and vaccination during an outbreak were significantly associated with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Healthcare workers and respondents with pre-existing medical conditions were not significantly different from non-healthcare workers and persons without medical conditions respectively with regards to the willingness to be vaccinated. Conclusion: One in two persons would accept a COVID-19 vaccine when it becomes available in the country. The government should take pro-active steps to address the factors that may potentially impact on the benefits expected from the introduction of COVID-19 vaccine and scale-up vaccine sensitization to improve potential acceptance for uptake across the country.

Willingness to Take COVID-19 Vaccines in Ethiopia: An Instrumental Variable Probit Approach

“…This is expected because age is one of the major factors affecting COVID-19 infection, with elderly people having weaker immune systems and thus at a higher risk of infection. A similar finding had been reported in some previous studies [15,[18][19][20][21]. Furthermore, the "currently working" variable significantly increased the probability of willingness to be vaccinated.…”

“…This result reveals the gender factor that can impact efforts by government in addressing COVID-19 in Ethiopia. In some previous studies [15,19,21], gender was found to influence decisions around the COVID-19 vaccination.…”

“…More importantly, some authors have highlighted the factors that can influence the decision to comply with government's vaccination programs. These include possession of proper education on health-related issues, an individual's perception of the level of risk [10,[12][13][14], race [15], perceived risk of infection [16], perceived benefits [17], age [15,[18][19][20][21], educational level [18], gender [15,19,21], chronic medical condition [19], access to health insurance [19], ethnicity, income and employment [22] and previously being tested for the virus [18].…”

The Willingness to Receive COVID-19 Vaccine and Its Associated Factors: “Vaccination Refusal Could Prolong the War of This Pandemic” – A Systematic Review

“…Concerning to the associated factors, from a total of 45 studies included in the present systematic review, 39 of the studies have assessed the associated factors with individuals' willingness of receiving COVID-19 vaccine. From 39 studies assessed the associated factors with willingness of receiving COVID-19 vaccine, some of the studies have reported that sociodemographic factors such as age, 32,[35][36][37]39,43,48,49,56,58,60,61,65,68,69,72,73 educational status, [30][31][32]36,43,72 gender, 32,[35][36][37]47,48,52,53,55,[59][60][61]65,68,69,[71][72][73][74] income, 36,54,61 residency, 36,60,74 occupation,…”

“…The study design of all these studies were cross-sectional. Nine studies were done in the United States, [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] nine studies were done in China, [39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47] one study was done in Australia, 48 four studies were done in Saudi Arabia, [49][50][51][52] one study was done in Kuwait, 53 one study was done in England, 54 one study was done in Congo, 55 one study was done in Greece, 56 two studies were done in UK, 57,58 one study was done in Malaysia, 59 two studies were done in Japan, 60,61 one study was done in Israel, 62 one study was done in Bangladesh, 63 one study was done in Jordan, 64 one study was done in Iran, 65 one study was done in Italy, 66 one study was done in Ethiopia, 67 two studies were done in France, 68,69 one study was done in Vietnam, 70 one study was done in Uganda, 71 one study was done in Pakistan, 72 one study was done in Nigeria, 73 an...…”