“…and a 7-point Likert-type scale (for descriptive statistics, see Table 3). Single item measures of helping attitudes have demonstrated validity in previous studies (Bennett & Flores, 1998;Otten, Penner, & Altabe, 1991;Thomas et al, 2008), and we conducted a sensitivity analysis to be sure our conclusions would not be Contact. We indexed total contact (Dixon, Durrheim, & Tredoux, 2005) using a composite of two items that measured experience with individuals who abused substances.…”