Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?

Abstract

ossil fuels provide substantial economic benefits, but in recent decades, a series of concerns have arisen about their environmental costs. In the United States, for example, the Clean Air Act in 1970 and 1977 addressed concerns over the emissions of so-called conventional pollutions, notably airborne particulate matter, by imposing fuel economy standards on vehicles and regulations to reduce emissions from stationary sources. During the 1980s, concerns mounted about how the combustion of fossil fuels could lead to acid rain and rising ozone levels. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 created frameworks to reduce sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide from power plant emissions, as well as from the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuels in vehicles. However, in many of the world's largest cities in the emerging economies around the world, the conventional forms of air pollution from burning fossil fuels-especially particulates, sulfur oxides, and nitrogen oxides-are still exacting a heavy toll on human health (Chay and

Climate Policy Commitment Devices

“…Our game specification is simple and offers only discrete choices to subjects; yet we believe that this feature of our game is robust. It has been observed in other games with semi-continuous choices (Barrett and Dannenberg 2012), and studies repeatedly report that fossil fuels will continue their dominance in absence of drastic global policies (Covert et al 2016).…”

A Case Study for Estimation of Heating Energy Requirement and Fuel Consumption in a Prototype Building Using Degree-Day Method in Kocaeli

“…where is base temperature, , is daily mean outside air temperature recorded at a meteorology station, as indicated in the following equation (2), is the number of days provided that < in a heating season. Therefore, HDD values are calculated as < .…”

“…Heating is the largest part of energy consumption in the buildings with 40 %. Therefore, the amount of energy required to heat buildings is a very important step and must be focused it on painstakingly [1][2][3].…”

Climate change and fossil fuel: An examination of risks for the energy industry and producer states

“…29 In short, oil is unlikely to lose its primacy in transportation without concerted government policies that impose heavy penalties on emissions or favor alternatives. 30 Perhaps due to such factors, McGlade and Ekins forecast that oil reserves are the least exposed of the three fuels to abandonment by 2050. Just a third of current conventional crude oil reserves would probably be abandoned in a successful 2 °C scenario, as opposed to half of gas and 82% of coal reserves.…”