Will global cobalt supply meet demand? The geological, mineral processing, production and geographic risk profile of cobalt

Savinova, Ekaterina; Evans, C.; Lèbre, Éléonore; Stringer, Martin; Azadi, Mehdi; Valenta, Rick

doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106855

Cited by 32 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Although there's a lot of research going on to recycle cobalt from used lithium-ion batteries to reduce the consumption of raw materials, it is usually cumbersome and laborious [8][9][10]. Therefore, reducing the use of cobalt has become an inevitable trend in each industry, especially the battery industry, which uses the most cobalt resource [11][12][13].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent advances on low-Co and Co-free high entropy layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Yu,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Nanotechnology

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As the price of the precious metal cobalt continues to rise, there is an urgent need for a cobalt-free or low-cobalt electrode material to reduce the cost of lithium-ion batteries, which are widely used commercially, while maintaining their performance as much as possible. With the introduction of the new concept of high entropy materials into the battery field, low cobalt and cobalt free high entropy novel lithium-ion batteries have attracted great attention. It possesses important research value to use high entropy materials to reduce the use of cobalt metal in electrode materials. In this perspective, the comparison between the new cathode materials of low cobalt and cobalt-free high entropy lithium-ion battery and traditional cathode materials and the latest progress in maintaining structural stability and conductivity are introduced. It is believed that low cobalt and cobalt-free and high entropy layered oxides can be used to replace the function of cobalt in the cathode materials of lithium-ion batteries. Finally, the future research directions and the synthesis method of high entropy cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries are also discussed.

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confidence: 99%

Recent advances on low-Co and Co-free high entropy layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Yu,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Nanotechnology

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“…Despite its natural abundance, cobalt has been included in this category due to higher supply risk in metal criticality studies, extraction complexities and projected future demand, ultimately leading to increased costs. 88,89 Nickel-based catalysts have been increasingly combined with cobalt due to enhanced surface redox attributes. 90 Yu et al demonstrated the benet of using Co by synthesising NiFe-CuCo LDH.…”

Section: Modication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Different Oer Catalystsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…72 Despite its natural abundance, cobalt has a higher supply risk in metal criticality studies, extraction complexities and projected future demand, ultimately leading to increased costs. 88,89 Mn doping can generate more active sites and optimise electrocatalysts' electronic structure because of the many different valence states that Mn can exhibit. 82 Luo et al synthesised an Mn-doped NiFe phosphide, denoted Mn-Ni 2 P-Fe 2 P. Mn doping and NiFe phosphide aid modulation of the electronic structure (Fig.…”

Section: Modication Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Challenges and progress in oxygen evolution reaction catalyst development for seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production

Corbin,

Jones,

Lyu

et al. 2024

RSC Adv.

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“…Resource pessimists follow Malthus, Jevons, and Hubbert, in arguing that unconstrained mining will deplete Earth’s finite nonrenewable mineral stocks to the point of constraining future growth. The Club of Rome’s report “Limits to Growth” intensified the discussion about finite stocks. − While its predictions of physical scarcity have not materialized, the depletion of deposits indeed accelerated together with extraction rates, , ore grades in production declined, , and environmental impacts and resource conflicts multiplied and intensified. ,− Global trends continue to raise broad concerns about future raw material availability and sustainability. ,− …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass-Balance-Consistent Geological Stock Accounting: A New Approach toward Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources

Simoni,

Drielsma,

Ericsson

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Global resource extraction raises concerns about environmental pressures and the security of mineral supply. Strategies to address these concerns depend on robust information on natural resource endowments, and on suitable methods to monitor and model their changes over time. However, current mineral resources and reserves reporting and accounting workflows are poorly suited for addressing mineral depletion or answering questions about the longterm sustainable supply. Our integrative review finds that the lack of a robust theoretical concept and framework for mass-balance (MB)consistent geological stock accounting hinders systematic industrygovernment data integration, resource governance, and strategy development. We evaluate the existing literature on geological stock accounting, identify shortcomings of current monitoring of mine production, and outline a conceptual framework for MB-consistent system integration based on material flow analysis (MFA). Our synthesis shows that recent developments in Earth observation, geoinformation management, and sustainability reporting act as catalysts that make MB-consistent geological stock accounting increasingly feasible. We propose first steps for its implementation and anticipate that our perspective as "resource realists" will facilitate the integration of geological and anthropogenic material systems, help secure future mineral supply, and support the global sustainability transition.

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Will global cobalt supply meet demand? The geological, mineral processing, production and geographic risk profile of cobalt

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Recent advances on low-Co and Co-free high entropy layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Recent advances on low-Co and Co-free high entropy layered oxide cathodes for lithium-ion batteries

Challenges and progress in oxygen evolution reaction catalyst development for seawater electrolysis for hydrogen production

Mass-Balance-Consistent Geological Stock Accounting: A New Approach toward Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources

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