Wild Strawberry, Blackberry, and Blueberry Leaf Extracts Alleviate Starch-Induced Hyperglycemia in Prediabetic and Diabetic Mice

Abstract

Intestinal α-glucosidase and α-amylase break down nutritional poly- and oligosaccharides to monosaccharides and their activity significantly contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia. Competitive inhibitors of these enzymes, such as acarbose, are effective antidiabetic drugs, but have unpleasant side effects. In our ethnopharmacology inspired investigations, we found that wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca), blackberry (Rubus fruticosus), and European blueberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) leaf extracts inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme activity in vitro and are effective in preventing postprandial hyperglycemia in vivo. Toxicology tests on H9c2 rat embryonic cardiac muscle cells demonstrated that berry leaf extracts have no cytotoxic effects. Oral administration of these leaf extracts alone or as a mixture to normal (control), obese, prediabetic, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice attenuated the starch-induced rise of blood glucose levels. The efficiency was similar to that of acarbose on blood glucose. These results highlight berry leaf extracts as candidates for testing in clinical trials in order to assess the clinical significance of their effects on glycemic control.

α-Glucosidase, α-Amylase and Antioxidant Evaluations of Isolated Bioactives from Wild Strawberry

“…Poly- and oligosaccharides are converted into monosaccharides by the action of intestinal α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and the activity significantly contributes to postprandial hyperglycemia. Synthetic agents such as acarbose can inhibit these enzymes, but the side effects, such as diarrhea, flatulence, and stomach pain, make them unsuitable [ 41 ]. The present study was designed to develop antidiabetics from natural products based on this strategy with lesser side effects [ 42 ].…”

“…The enzyme α-amylase and α-glucosidase activity were inhibited by ellagic acid or derivatives in aqueous fruit extract of Fragaria × a nanassa [ 26 ]. Similarly, another specie F. vesca leaf extract was reported to inhibit α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzyme activity [ 41 ]. Flavonoids in n -butanol extract of F. nilgerrensis Schlecht produced an antidiabetic effect [ 27 ].…”

Bilberries: Curative and Miraculous – A Review on Bioactive Constituents and Clinical Research

“…In another study on diabetic GK rats the bilberry leaf decoction lowered the occasional glycaemia ( Ferreira et al, 2010 ) and, in a similar study, blood glucose level and glycated hemoglobin returned to normal in 50% of the diabetic rats ( Sidorova et al, 2017 ). A study on prediabetic and diabetic mice showed that the extract from bilberry leaves inhibits α -glucosidase and α -amylase enzyme activity and prevents postprandial hyperglycaemia by slowing down the rate of saccharide digestion ( Takács et al, 2020 ). The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the applied bilberry leaf extract was found to be comparable to acarbose in an in vitro experiment ( Bljajić et al, 2017 ).…”

An Updated Systematic Review of Vaccinium myrtillus Leaves: Phytochemistry and Pharmacology

“…In a rat animal model, the efficacy of the aqueous extract of VM leaves in reducing a rise in blood glucose following starch consumption was observed in both obese rats and those with prediabetes or streptozocin-induced diabetes, the efficacy of the extract being comparable to that of acarbose [ 37 ].…”