Wild Boars as an Important Reservoir for Foodborne Pathogens

Wacheck, Silke; Fredriksson-Ahomaa, Maria; König, M.; Stolle, A.; Stephan, Roger

doi:10.1089/fpd.2009.0367

Cited by 104 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…Wild boars have been previously described as carriers of E. coli O157:H7 (Wahlstrom et al 2003;Sanchez et al 2010;Mora et al 2012) and other STEC strains that are potential human pathogens (Miko et al 2009;Wacheck et al 2010). Furthermore, STEC has also been isolated from wild boar meat and meat products from Spain (Diaz- .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) sharing pastures with free-ranging livestock in a natural environment in Spain

Navarro-González

Porrero

Mentaberre

et al. 2015

Veterinary Quarterly

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Background: Wild ungulates have greatly increased in abundance and range throughout Europe. This new situation presents a concern for public health because many wild ungulates are known reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Objectives: In this work, we tested for the presence of the zoonotic pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7 in free-ranging livestock and sympatric wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in NE Spain from 2009 to 2011. In addition, antimicrobial resistance and virulence factors were assessed. Animals and methods: In total, individual fecal samples were obtained from 117 hunter-harvested wild boars and 160 Iberian ibexes. Fifty-five samples were obtained from cattle (5 herds, 380 animals in total) and four from the only horse herd in the Natural Park 'Ports de Tortosa i Beseit' (32 animals). Fecal samples were processed according to the ISO 16.654:2001 protocol to obtain E. coli O157 based on immunomagnetic separation. In addition, a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting nine virulence factors characteristic of human pathotypes was performed. The prevalence was compared between host species with Fisher's exact test. Results: Four wild boars (3.41%, 95% CI D 0.94À8.52) and two Iberian ibexes (1.25%, 95% CI D 0.15À4.4) carried E. coli O157:H7, which was not found in livestock feces (n D 59, 95% CI D 0À8.94). All E. coli O157:H7 isolates were susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested. Conclusions: These results indicate that when prevalence in co-habiting livestock is low, wild ungulates do not seem to play an important role as reservoirs of E. coli O157:H7.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Escherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) sharing pastures with free-ranging livestock in a natural environment in Spain

Navarro-González

Porrero

Mentaberre

et al. 2015

Veterinary Quarterly

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“…Garden birds, playgrounds and beach sand activities may be environments where wild birds and human behavior intersect causing illness [65,66]. Rural wildlife exposure through hunting is also a potential route of transmission and there is evidence that exposure to deer and wild boars may be a source for shiga toxin-producing E. coli and Y. enterocolitica [67][68][69].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

et al. 2017

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SUMMARYEnteric pathogens are commonly known to be transmitted through food or water; however, contact with animals is another important transmission route. This study estimated the annual burden of illness attributable to animal contact for eight enteric pathogens in Canada. Using data from a Canadian expert elicitation on transmission routes, the proportion of enteric illnesses attributable to animal contact was estimated for each pathogen to estimate the annual number of illnesses, hospitalizations and deaths in Canada. For each estimate, a mean and probability intervals were generated. Of all illnesses caused by these eight pathogens, 16% were estimated attributable to animal contact. This estimate translates to 86 000 (31 000-166 000) illnesses, 488 (186-890) hospitalizations and 12 (2-28) deaths annually for the eight pathogens combined. Campylobacter spp. is the leading cause of illnesses annually, with an estimated 38 000 (14 000-71 000) illnesses occurring each year, followed by non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (17 000, 6000-32 000). The majority of hospitalizations were attributable to non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (36%) and Campylobacter spp. (31%). Non-typhoidal Salmonella spp. (28%) and Listeria monocytogenes (31%) were responsible for the majority of the estimated deaths. These results identify farm animal and pet/pet food exposure as key pathways of transmission for several pathogens. The estimated burden of illness associated with animal contact is substantial.

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“…was not detected in faecal and tonsillar samples in hunted wild boar in Switzerland (n = 153) (Wacheck et al, 2010). Only 3 of 127 carcasses (2.1%) tested positive for Campylobacter spp.…”

Section: Comparative Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…may be common in free-living wild boars. Wacheck et al (2010) reported a Salmonella spp. detection rate of 12 %, while a Portuguese study of 77 animals found S. Typhimurium and S. Rissen carriage rates of 64.7 % and 35.3 %, respectively.…”

Section: Comparative Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Switzerland, a study of 73 hunted wild boars reported that 5 % of tonsillar and 1 % of faecal samples were Salmonella-positive. VTEC was also prevalent (9 %) in tonsillar samples from wild boars (Wacheck et al, 2010). However, in the BIOHAZ opinion on meat inspection in swine (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazard (BIOHAZ), 2011) Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Comparative Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

2013

EFSA Journal

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Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and Toxoplasma gondii in farmed deer and farmed wild boar were ranked as a high priority for meat inspection. Trichinella spp. in wild boar was ranked as low priority due to current controls, which should be continued. For chemical hazards, all substances were ranked as medium or lower potential concern. More effective control of biological hazards could be achieved using an integrated farm to chilled carcass approach, including improved food chain information (FCI) and risk-based controls. Further studies are required on Salmonella spp. in farmed wild boar and T. gondii in farmed wild boar and farmed deer. If new information confirms a high risk to public health from meat from these species, setting targets at carcass level should be considered. Palpation and incision should be omitted, as it will not detect biological hazards considered to be a high priority for meat inspection while increasing the potential spread and crosscontamination of the carcasses with Salmonella. Palpation and/or incision may be applied where abnormalities have been detected but away from the slaughter line. However the elimination of routine palpation and incision would be detrimental for detecting tuberculosis. As farmed deer and farmed wild boar can act as tuberculosis reservoirs, any reduction in the detection, due to changes in the post-mortem inspection procedures, will have SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from several animal species, with the contribution of the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) and the Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW). Briefly, the main risks to public health that should be addressed by meat inspection were identified and ranked; the strengths and weaknesses of the current methods of meat inspection were evaluated; and recommendations were made for inspection methods fit for the purpose of meeting the overall objectives of meat inspection for hazards not covered by the current meat inspection system, and for adaptations of inspection methods and/or frequencies of inspections that provide an equivalent level of protection. In addition, the implications for animal health and animal welfare of any changes proposed to current inspection methods were assessed. This opinion covers the inspection of meat from farmed game, specifically farmed deer, reindeer, ostrich, wild boar and rabbit.To fulfil this mandate, the first stage in this assessment focused on identifying the biological hazards that occur in farmed game in Europe. The relevance of each biological hazard was evaluated based on two criteria: (1) any evidence that the biological hazard is transmissible to humans through the handling, preparation and/or consumption of farmed game meat; and (2) evidence that the biological hazard is present in the farmed game population in the European Union (EU). Biological hazards t...

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Wild Boars as an Important Reservoir for Foodborne Pathogens

Cited by 104 publications

References 35 publications

Escherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) sharing pastures with free-ranging livestock in a natural environment in Spain

Escherichia coliO157:H7 in wild boars (Sus scrofa) and Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) sharing pastures with free-ranging livestock in a natural environment in Spain

Estimates of the burden of illness for eight enteric pathogens associated with animal contact in Canada

Scientific Opinion on the public health hazards to be covered by inspection of meat from farmed game

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